Figure 8.
Decreased mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis by compound C in PA-induced primary hepatocytes. (A) Representative WB analysis for adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression in the livers of MCD, HFD, and CCl4-induced mice (n = 5). (B) Representative images of electron microscopy analyses in primary hepatocytes with compound C (n = 5), lipid drops were marked by the white arrow and autophagosome as well as isolation membranes were marked by yellow arrow. (C) OCR was analyzed in primary hepatocytes treated with compound C (n = 5). (D–F) Basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production normalized to BSA-treated primary hepatocytes (n = 5). (G) Representative images of mtROS staining treated with compound C in primary hepatocytes treated with compound C (n = 5). (H) Confocal microscopy of mitophagy in primary hepatocytes treated with compound C. LC3 protein was detected by GFP, and mitochondria were detected by MitoTracker® Red FM (n = 5). (I) Confocal microscopy in primary hepatocytes, lysosome was detected by Lyso-Tracker Red FM and mitochondria were detected by MitoTracker® Green FM (n = 5). (J) Scheme of JT003 + V14 in recovering NAFLD. For graphs, all data are represented as mean ± SEM using Dunnett's test as the post hoc test following the one-way ANOVA or Tukey's test as the post hoc test following the two-way ANOVA. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ns represents no significance.