TABLE 2.
Conditions associated with increased risk of early-onset group B streptococcal disease
| Risk factor for early-onset GBS infections | Representative reference(s) |
|---|---|
| Premature delivery | 21, 53, 60, 150, 151, 184 |
| Low birth weight | 1, 19, 34, 44, 124, 151, 165, 179, 184 |
| Increased interval between membrane rupture and delivery | 1, 19, 21, 34, 53, 60, 151, 165, 184 |
| Rupture of membranes before labor onset | 1, 150 |
| Amnionitis, intrapartum fever | 1, 21, 34, 53, 150 |
| Maternal vaginorectal colonization with GBS | 5, 34, 53 |
| Heavy (dense) colonization with GBS | 11, 53, 68, 120, 124, 174 |
| African American race | 42, 151, 191 |
| Maternal age, <20 years | 150, 151 |
| GBS bacteriuria during current pregnancy | 118, 128, 183 |
| Low level of antibody to type-specific capsular polysaccharide | 22, 24 |
| Previous stillbirth or spontaneous abortion | 1, 151 |
| Multiple gestation/sibling of affected twin | 56, 125 |
| Previous delivery of infant with GBS disease | 39, 60 |
| Cesarean section | 34, 60 |
| Urinary tract infection in pregnancy | 150 |
| Prolonged duration of intrauterine monitoring | 1 |