Table 1.
Summary of sample characteristics (N = 725).
| Overall | Volunteer | No Volunteer | Comparison† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous Variables | N | Mean (SD)/Median (IQR) | N | Mean (SD)/Median (IQR) | N | Mean (SD)/Median (IQR) | p-value |
| Age at Follow-up | 725 | 38.9 (14.8) | 222 | 39.5 (15.0) | 503 | 38.7 (14.7) | .4621 |
| FIM™ Cognitive | 725 | 33 (30–34) | 222 | 33 (31–35) | 503 | 32 (30–34) | .0006 |
| FIM™ Motor | 725 | 91 (89–91) | 222 | 91 (90–91) | 503 | 91 (87–91) | < .0001 |
| Length of PTA (days) | 710 | 23 (10–46) | 219 | 22 (10–40) | 491 | 24 (9–51) | .0172 |
| Overall | Volunteer | No Volunteer | Comparison† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal Variables | N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent | p-value |
| Sex | .3420 | ||||||
| Female | 173 | 23.9 | 58 | 26.1 | 115 | 22.9 | |
| Male | 552 | 76.1 | 164 | 73.9 | 388 | 77.1 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| NH White | 624 | 86.1 | 202 | 91.0 | 422 | 83.9 | .0369 |
| Hispanic | 65 | 9.0 | 14 | 6.3 | 51 | 10.1 | |
| NH Black | 19 | 2.6 | 5 | 2.3 | 14 | 2.8 | |
| NH Other | 17 | 2.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 16 | 3.2 | |
| Level of Education (current) | < .0001 | ||||||
| Less than High School | 35 | 4.8 | 5 | 2.3 | 30 | 6.0 | |
| High School/GED | 161 | 22.2 | 28 | 12.6 | 133 | 26.4 | |
| Greater than High School | 529 | 73.0 | 189 | 85.1 | 340 | 67.6 | |
| Employment/Student Status (current) | .0195 | ||||||
| Employed/Student | 437 | 60.3 | 148 | 66.7 | 289 | 57.5 | |
| Not Employed/Not Student | 288 | 39.7 | 74 | 33.3 | 214 | 42.5 | |
| Mode of Transportation (current) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Drives Self | 493 | 68.0 | 173 | 78.0 | 320 | 63.6 | |
| Gets Rides | 232 | 32.0 | 49 | 22.1 | 183 | 36.4 | |
| SRS (current) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Independent | 542 | 74.8 | 187 | 84.2 | 355 | 70.6 | |
| Overnight or Part-time Supervision | 130 | 17.9 | 31 | 14.0 | 99 | 19.7 | |
| Full-time Indirect or Direct Supervision | 53 | 7.3 | 4 | 1.8 | 49 | 9.7 | |
| GOS-E (current) | <.0001 | ||||||
| Favorable | 612 | 84.4 | 208 | 93.7 | 404 | 80.3 | |
| Unfavorable | 113 | 15.6 | 14 | 6.3 | 99 | 19.7 | |
| GCS Category (n = 719) | .4420 | ||||||
| Mild (13–15) | 173 | 50.7 | 48 | 51.6 | 125 | 50.4 | |
| Moderate (9–12) | 58 | 17.0 | 19 | 20.4 | 39 | 15.7 | |
| Severe (8 or less) | 110 | 32.3 | 26 | 28.0 | 84 | 33.9 | |
| [Intubated] | [125] | - | [42] | - | [83] | - | |
| [Chemically Paralyzed or Sedated] | [253] | - | [85] | - | [168] | - | |
| Follow-up Period | .0021 | ||||||
| 1-year | 32 | 4.4 | 3 | 1.4 | 29 | 5.8 | |
| 2-year | 181 | 25.0 | 45 | 20.3 | 136 | 27.0 | |
| 5-year | 512 | 70.6 | 174 | 78.4 | 338 | 67.2 | |
SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; PTA: post traumatic amnesia; NH: non-Hispanic; SRS: Supervision Rating Scale; GOS-E: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale.
*
Percentages calculated without Intubated or Chemically Paralyzed or Sedated.
†
Calculations based on two-sample t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum, or chi square tests comparing volunteering and not volunteering.