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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 8.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2021 Aug 5;75:609–630. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-052821-031444

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Different roles of outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria. Roles of outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria. OMVs, which are released from the cell envelope, range between 20 and −300 nm and function as a versatile secretion and transport mechanism. OMV roles include intracellular and extracellular communication, quorum sensing, horizontal gene transfer, interbacterial killing, toxin delivery, nutrient hydrolysis, and stress responses.