Figure 1.

Different roles of outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria. Roles of outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria. OMVs, which are released from the cell envelope, range between 20 and −300 nm and function as a versatile secretion and transport mechanism. OMV roles include intracellular and extracellular communication, quorum sensing, horizontal gene transfer, interbacterial killing, toxin delivery, nutrient hydrolysis, and stress responses.