Table 5.
Stroke candidate gene studies in Africa
| Study | Gene name | Study population | Salient findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saidi et al. (2007)234 | Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1); tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | Tunisian | PAI1 4G/5G polymorphism associated with increased PAI1 expression, decreased tPA expression and increased risk of stroke |
| Saidi et al. (2007)233 | Apolipoprotein E (APOE) | Tunisian | APOE ε4 associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke, small vessel disease and statin use |
| Saidi et al. (2008)230 | Human platelet alloantigen 1–5 (HPA1–5) | Tunisian | Lower HPA1a frequency and higher HPA1b frequency in the stroke group than in controls |
| Saidi et al. (2008)229 | HPA1–5 | Tunisian | HPA1a/b and HPA5a/b alleles associated with increased risk of stroke; HPA1b/b and HPA5b/b associated with extent of symptoms and risk of recurrence |
| Saidi et al. (2009)235 | APOE; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Tunisian | Higher APOEε4 frequency and lower APOEε3 frequency in the stroke group than in controls; APOε4 ACE Del/Del genotype was associated with large vessel stroke and was detected in higher proportions in older (>50 years) patients |
| Saidi et al. (2009)231 | Angiotensinogen (AGT) | Tunisian | Multiple AGT polymorphisms were significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke |
| Saidi et al. (2010)228 | Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) | Tunisian | CYP11B2 C-344T polymorphisms (T allele bearing) were associated with risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Chehaibi et al. (2013)236 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARD) | Tunisian | PPARD +294T/C polymorphism was associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Fekih-Mrissa et al. (2013)238 | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) | Tunisian | MTHFR C677T and A1298 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Atadzhanov et al. (2013)244 | APOE | Zambian | APOEε2/ε4 genotype associated with increased risk for both haemorrhagic stroke and ischaemic stroke |
| Chehaibi et al. (2014)237 | Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP12 | Tunisian | MMP12 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke in individuals with diabetes |
| Diakite et al. (2015)239 | C2491T | Moroccan | C2491T FV mutation was associated with risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Diakite et al. (2014)241 | eNOS | Moroccan | eNOS G894T polymorphism was associated with risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Rezk et al. (2015)242 | IL-1 cluster genes: IL1B, IL1A and IL1RN | Egyptian | IL1B −511 and IL1A −889 polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of acute stroke |
| Diakite et al. (2016)240 | APOA5; arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP) | Moroccan | APOA5 T1131C and ALOX5AP SG13S114 polymorphisms were associated with risk of ischaemic stroke |
| Akinyemi et al. (2017)134 | IL6; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/2B (CDKN2A/2B) | West African (Nigeria and Ghana) | IL6rs1800796 and CDKN2A/2Brs2383207 are associated with risk of ischaemic stroke in men |
| Akinyemi et al. (2018)245 | Apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1); CDKN2A/2B; histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) | West African (Nigeria and Ghana) | APOL1rs73885319, CDKN2A/2Brs2383207 and HDAC9rs2107595 are associated with risk of small vessel disease ischaemic stroke |