TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study ID | Study design | Compared group | Sample size | Age (mean [SD]) | Male prevalence | COVID‐19 diagnosis | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kobylecki/2020/UK | Prospective cohort | P/C | 13/27 | 78.3 (9.5)/79.8 (8.5) | 8/15 | NR | Poor |
| Zhang/2021/USA | Retrospective cohort | P/C | 694/78,355 | 79/50 a | 417/ 35024 | NR | Fair |
| Zahi/2021/China | Retrospective cohort | P/C | 10/286 | 70/66 a | 3/147 | Guidelines outlined in the diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) disease (trial version 7) compiled by the Chinese National Health Commission. | Fair |
| Vignatelli/2021/Italy | Retrospective cohort | P/C | 696/8590 | 75/76 | 409/5000 | (ICD‐9‐CM) | Fair |
| Garcia/2020/Spain | Cross‐sectional | P | 568 | 63.5 (12.5) | 267 | NR | Fair |
| Sainz‐Amo/2020/Spain | Case‐control | P | 211 | 74.1 (9.5) | 124 | Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). | Fair |
| Fasano/2020/Italy | Retrospective cohort | P | 117 | 71.4 (10.8) | 74 | Real‐time PCR assay or when symptoms were compatible with COVID‐19 and the patient has been in contact with a PCR‐confirmed case | Fair |
| Del Prete/2020/Italy | Case‐control | P | 740 | NR | NR | NR | Fair |
| Cilia/2020/Italy | Case‐control | P | 141 | NR | NR | World Health Organization criteria on March 20, 2020 | Fair |
| Buccafusca/2021/Italy | Retrospective cohort | P | 12 | NR | 6 | Rhinopharyngeal swab | Fair |
| Brown/2020/USA | Cross‐sectional | P/C | 5429/ 1452 | 68/60 | 2800/313 | NR | Fair |
| Artusi/2020/Italy | Case series | P | 8 | 63–80 b | 5 | NR | Fair |
| Antonini/2020/UK | Case series | P | 10 | 78.3 | 6 | NR | Fair |
Abbreviations: P, Parkinson; C, control; NR, not reported.
a
median.
b
range.