Fig. 4 ∣. Molecular dysfunction in upper-layer neurons and links to long-term symptoms.
a, Dot plot showing downregulation of synaptic vesicle components, especially in L2/3 excitatory neurons in patients with COVID-19 (n = 7 control individuals (without viral infection); n = 8 patients with COVID-19; MAST with default settings). FC, fold change. b, Diagram of cortical neurons captured in this study that have known layer localization. Neuron labels are colour-coded by layer localization as shaded in a. Figure layout adapted with permission from ref. 8. c, Overlap between COVID-19 DEGs and those in chronic CNS diseases (Methods). Dotted line indicates statistical significance (adjusted P value < 0.05, false-discovery rate (FDR) correction, cumulative hypergeometric test). d, Heat map showing the number of DEGs per cell type that overlap as GWAS risk variants across psychiatric and neurological diseases and traits from the GWAS catalogue (NHGRI-EBI)43. Significance of overlap is based on FDR-corrected cumulative hypergeometric P values (Benjamini–Hochberg correction) < 0.05; MAST with default thresholds). AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; MS, multiple sclerosis; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.