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Engineered MSC-EXs for cancer treatment. The substances used for tumor treatment carried by the engineered MSC-EXs mainly include miRNAs, small-molecule drugs, and proteins. Four recent studies provide detailed information about miRNA loading in engineered MSC exosomes. Small-molecule drugs mainly include paclitaxel, CTX, carboplatin, doxorubicin, and magnolol. Compared with miRNAs and small-molecule drugs, few studies have reported the successful loading of proteins into exosomes.
