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. 2021 Jun 7;12:669456. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669456

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Copyright © 2021 Martins, New, O’Connor, Previte, Cargill, Tse, Sims- Lucas and Piganelli

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Inhibiting glycolysis suppresses CD4⁺ T cell responses to β cell antigen in vitro. Assessing the impact of glycolysis inhibition on diabetogenic CD4⁺ T cell responses in vitro. (A) Representative histogram measuring forward scatter (FSC). (B, C). Representative histogram and statistical analysis of CD4⁺ T cell proliferation assessed by cell proliferation dye violet (CPDV) dilution (n = 3). (D) Frequency of CD4⁺ CD69⁺ T cells (n = 5). (E) Frequency of CD4⁺ CD25⁺ T cells (n = 6). (F–H) ELISA analysis of IL-2, TNFα, and IFNγ in cell culture supernatants 24-72 hrs post stimulation (n = 3-4). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (not significant (ns), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.0001).