Figure 9.
Prenatal PBM reduces the excessive activation of macrophage and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. (A) Macrophage were stained using Iba-1 antibody and the representative confocal images of Iba-1 were analyzed. In HI animals, Iba-1 intensity and cell body diameters increased while the number of junctions, number of endpoints, number of branches, and length of branches decreased compared to both sham and PBM-treated HI animals. Rectangles: cells enlarged and 3D-rendered. Scale bar = 20 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 15). (B) Compared to expression in sham rats, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was shown to be higher in HI rats, while anti-inflammatory cytokine expression was lower. Prenatal PBM treatment of HI rats attenuated these effects. Data are Log2 fold change (cortical or hippocampal tissue from 5 animals were mixed for each sample). * indicates P < 0.05. ♂ indicates male; ♀ indicates females.