TABLE 1.
The germ-free phenotype in zebrafish.
| Feature | Phenotype | References |
| Stress response | Lack of response to osmotic stress test with respect to cortisol levels | Davis et al., 2016 |
| Innate immune system | Decreased neutrophil recruitment | Kanther et al., 2014 |
| Attenuated levels of intestinal pro-inflammatory mRNA | Marjoram et al., 2015 | |
| Attenuated inflammation after intestinal injury | Oehlers et al., 2012 | |
| Increased sensitivity to viral infection | Galindo-Villegas et al., 2012 | |
| Pancreas | Static number of pancreatic beta cells during development Increased glucose levels | Hill et al., 2016 |
| Gut differentiation | Immature expression of glycoconjugates Lower levels of goblet cells Reduced level of protein macromolecular uptake | Bates et al., 2006 |
| Behavior | Hyper-locomotor activity at 6 dpf | Davis et al., 2016 |
| No differences seen in hyper-activity at 1–6 dpf but increase at 10 dpf in dark period | Phelps et al., 2017 |