Fig. 2.
Dry age-related macular degeneration: symptoms and signs. (A) Color fundus photograph from normal and dry AMD patient maculas. The central macula controls sharp and color vision (white ring). Drusen are the clinical hallmarks of AMD (dark ring). (B) Optical coherent tomography (OCT) from the healthy and AMD retinas. Arrows indicate different layers of the retina: 1) external limiting membrane, 2) ellipsoid layer, 3) RPE layer, 4) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), 5) ganglion cell layer, 6) inner plexiform layer, 7) inner nuclear layer, 8) outer plexiform layer 9) outer nuclear layer. (C) Representative vision disturbances during the progression of AMD. (D) Light microscopic image of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained human retina from (D, left panel) healthy and (E, left panel) AMD donors. High power confocal images indicate extracellular ubiquitin (Ubq, middle panels) and intracellular p62 (right panels) stainings. Arrowheads show drusen accumulation.