Table 1.
Agonists of PPAR-α—natural and synthetic (according to data published by Adedapo et al. [127]; Singh et al. [128]; Rigano et al. 2017 [129]; and Contreas et al. [130], Fournier et al. [2])
| PPAR-α agonist | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural | Synthetic | ||
| Endogenous | Exogenous | ||
| Oleoylethanolamine (OEA) | Monoterpenes | Linalool | 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester Clofibrate |
| Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) |
Sesqui terpenes |
Trans caryophyllene | 2-[4-[2-[(4-Chlorobenzoyl)amino]ethyl]phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid Bezafibrate |
| 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8 (s) HETE) | Farnesol | Propan-2-yl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate Fenofibrate | |
| 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8 (s) HEPE) | Diterpenes | Phytol | (5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid) Gemfibrozil |
|
Arachidonic acid (ARA) (C20:4) |
Triterpenes | Oleanolic acid | |
| Anthraquones | Norathyriol | (2-(4-(2-(1-Cyclohexanebutyl)-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid) GW 7647 | |
| Leukotriene B4 | Pnenylopro panoids | Rosmarinic acid | (2-[[4-[2-[[[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]heptylamino]ethyl]phenyl]thio]-2-methyl-propanoic acid) GW 9578 |
|
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5) |
Verbascoside | 2-Methyl-2-[4-[3-[1-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-5-oxo-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]propyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid LY 518674 | |
|
Linoleic acid (LA) (C18:2) |
Coumarins | Coumarin | 2,2-Dichloro-12-(4-chlorophenyl)dodecanoic acid K 111 |
|
Palmitic acid (PA) (C16:0) |
Lignans | Sesamin | (S)-3-[3-(1-carboxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid CP 900691 |
|
Stearic acid (SA) (C18:0) |
Polyphenoles | Pterostilbene | 4-Chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid, Pirinixic acid WY 14643 |
| Flavonoides | Hispidulin | ||
| Wagonin | 2-Methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl] butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS 220) | ||
| Epigallocatechin | |||
| Isoflavonoids | Genistein | ||
| Daidzein | |||
| Biochanin A | |||
| Formononetin | |||
| Tectoridin | |||
| Bioflavonoids | Bilobetin | ||
| Alkaloids | Picrasidine C | ||
| Berberine | |||
| Oxymatrine | |||
| Capsaicin | |||