Table II.
Short description of the articles selected for the analysis of reports on gaze perception
| Reference | Modality | n | Stimuli | Task | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hooker2003 | fMRI1.5T | 10 | Animated faces with eye moving to fixate a target for 300 ms then back at the viewer (motion made with computer). | Detecting the target pointed by eye gaze, or arrow or arrow on a face. Control condition = eyes inward. | — |
| Kawashima1999 | PET | 8 | Videos of a female face angled by 25 degrees. | (1) Direct gaze condition: decide whether the person looks towards your head or trunk. Averted gaze condition: Decide whether the person looks toward the head or trunk of someone standing to one side of him or her. (3) Control: tell if the person blinks the right or left eye. | Manual response |
| George2001 | fMRI 3T | 8 | Color photographs of faces facing forward or rotated by 30 degrees with gaze direct or averted. | Passive viewing. | Reports gaze direct > averted. |
| Wicker1998 | PET | 10 | 5‐s movies of an actor moving his eyes either from the periphery to the center (mutual gaze) or between targets away from the camera (averted gaze). Control: the actor is looking at a piece of paper on the table, such that his eyes are not visible. | Passive viewing. | We included the report of mutual and averted gaze > control. Subjects were all male. |
| Garrett2004 | fMRI 1.5T | 15 | Static color photographs of faces facing forward or angled with direct or averted gaze | Passive viewing. Direct gaze compared to averted gaze. | Reports only regions showing a difference between control and patients with fragile X. |
| Kato2001 | fMRI 3T | 6 | Schematic eyes averted. Control: central cross. | Passive viewing. | — |
| Calder2002 | PET | 9 | Photos of faces with gaze either direct or averted. Increase proportion of averted. | Passive viewing | Subjects were older females. |
| Hoffman and Haxby,2000 | fMRI 1.5T | 9 | Static photographs of faces. Control: scrambled images. | Match two consecutive faces either for their identity or for the direction of their gaze. | We included regions engaged more in attention to gaze than in attention to identity. |