Table 2:

Note: Sample is the set of all USPTO granted patents from 1980-2012 that meet the following criteria: (i) they are either in NBER Patent Categories 1 (“Chemicals”) or 3 (“Drugs and Medical”) and (ii) they cite at least one publication in the PubMed database. A patent is defined as citing NIH-funded research if it cites a publication that acknowledges the project number of an NIH grant and is published within 5 years of that grant’s funding year. A patent is considered related to NIH funding if it cites a publication that is similar (as defined by the PubMed Relatedness Matching Algorithm) to a publication that acknowledges NIH funding. We require that similar publications be published within 5 years of each other. A patent is labelled “Private Sector” if it is assigned to a domestic US or foreign corporation (NBER assignee categories 1 and 2 minus foundations, universities, and hospitals). A patent is labelled “Public Sector” if it is assigned to a US or foreign goverment (NBER categories 5 and 6) or if it is assigned to a foundation, university, or hospital. A patent is labeled an advanced drug candidate if it is associated with a drug or biologic in Phase III clinical trials or beyond (these are listed in Orange Book and/or IMS Patent Focus); A patent is associated with an FDA approved drug if that patent is associated with a marketed treatment accoding to IMS Health. A patent is associated with a large assignee if its assignee employs over 500 employees; it is considered small otherwise.