Table 4.
Cox proportional hazards regression models of all-cause and specific cause mortality by cognitive and visual status.
| Number of | Crude mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| events | ratea | Model 1b | Model 2c | P for interactiond | |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Cognitive and visual status e | 0.735 | ||||
| Neither CI nor VI (n = 1,262) | 331 | 23.9% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| CI only (n = 1,016) | 472 | 51.8% | 1.96 (1.58–2.44) | 1.92 (1.50–2.47) | |
| VI only (n = 67) | 27 | 38.7% | 1.22 (0.72–2.08) | 1.27 (0.77–2.11) | |
| Both CI and VI (n = 205) | 122 | 63.3% | 2.40 (1.83–3.16) | 2.74 (2.02–3.70) | |
| Cardiovascular mortality | |||||
| Cognitive and visual statuse | 0.073 | ||||
| Neither CI nor VI (n = 1,262) | 77 | 5.3% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| CI only (n = 1,016) | 123 | 12.7% | 2.07 (1.44–2.97) | 1.87 (1.22–2.86) | |
| VI only (n = 67) | 8 | 14.1% | 2.35 (1.09–5.05) | 2.31 (0.98–5.41) | |
| Both CI and VI (n = 205) | 31 | 11.6% | 1.90 (1.11–3.25) | 1.87 (0.90–3.88) | |
| Cancer mortality | |||||
| Cognitive and visual statuse | 0.069 | ||||
| Neither CI nor VI (n = 1,262) | 108 | 8.0% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| CI only (n = 1,016) | 90 | 9.3% | 1.14 (0.72–1.81) | 1.28 (0.71–2.30) | |
| VI only (n = 67) | 2 | 2.1% | 0.29 (0.06–1.36) | 0.17 (0.02–1.37) | |
| Both CI and VI (n = 205) | 24 | 11.8% | 1.26 (0.57–2.80) | 1.65 (0.62–4.39) | |
| Non-cardiovascular mortality | |||||
| Cognitive and visual statuse | 0.728 | ||||
| Neither CI nor VI (n = 1,262) | 146 | 10.7% | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| CI only (n = 1,016) | 259 | 29.9% | 2.48 (1.79–3.44) | 2.31 (1.57–3.39) | |
| VI only (n = 67) | 17 | 22.5% | 1.26 (0.54–2.93) | 1.36 (0.62–2.98) | |
| Both CI and VI (n = 205) | 67 | 39.8% | 3.39 (2.22–5.17) | 3.72 (2.30–6.00) | |
CI, cognitive impairment; VI, visual impairment. Boldface indicates statistical significance. Values are number of HR (95% CI). All-cause and specific-cause mortality was assessed through December 31, 2011. aAll proportions are weighted estimates of the US population characteristics, taking into account the complex sampling design of the NHANES. bModel 1: Adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, marital status, and income status. cModel 2: Model 1 plus additional adjustments for BMI, smoking status, drinking status, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cholesterol level, CRP, history of CVD, and cancer. dInteraction between CI and VI. eCI defined as DSST score ≤ 40 (median score in population); VI defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 20/40.