Table 1.
Some examples of phase II/III clinical trials testing therapeutic cancer vaccines.
| Vaccine | Cancer type | Trial phase | Trial outcomes | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier and References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC-BASED VACCINE | ||||
| Peptide-pulsed DCs | Advanced melanoma | Phase III | DC vaccination was ineffective compared to chemotherapy | Schadendorf et al. (18) |
| VACCINE USING VIRAL VECTOR | ||||
| TG4010: MVA expressing MUC-1 and IL-2 | mRCC | Phase II | Induction of an immunological response against MUC-1 has been observed and safety has been established. No clinical benefit following vaccination | Oudard et al. (19) |
| TG4010: MVA expressing MUC-1 and IL-2 | NSCLC | Phase II (TIME clinical trial) | Patients showing a MUC-1-specific response (n = 16) had an improved clinical outcome with a median overall survival (OS) of 32.1 vs. 12.7 months in non-responders (n = 6) | NCT01383148 Tosch et al. (20) |
| TroVax: MVA expressing fetal oncogene 5T4 (MVA-5T4) | Renal cancer | Phase III | No clinical benefit | NCT00397345 Amato et al. (21) |
| PROSTVAC (or PSA-TRICOM): MVA expressing PSA | mCRPC (metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer) | Phase II | 44% reduction in death rate and an 8.5 month improvement in median OS | NCT00078585 Kantoff et al. (22) |
| TUMOR CELL-BASED VACCINE | ||||
| GVAX | Metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer | Phase I/II | Dose escalation study. The immunotherapy was well-tolerated. The median survival time was 35.0 months in the high-dose group, 20.0 months in the mid-dose group and 23.1 months in the low-dose group | NCT00140348 Higano et al. (23) |
| Allogenic GM-CSF secreting tumor | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Phase II | Vaccine combined with chemoradiation is safe. Median disease-free survival was 17.3 months and median OS was 24.8 months, which compares favorably with published data | NCT00084383 Lutz et al. (24) |
| PROTEIN/PEPTIDE-BASED VACCINE | ||||
| recMAGE-A3 protein + AS15 immunostimulant | Completely resected stage IB, II, and IIIA MAGEA3+ NSCLC | Phase III | Vaccination failed to increase the disease-free survival of surgically resected NSCLC patients | NCT00480025 Vansteenkiste et al. (25) |
| Rindopepimut with GM-CSF plus temozolomide | Newly diagnosed EGFRvIII+ glioma patients | Phase III | Rindopepimut did not increase survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients | NCT01480479 Weller et al. (26) |
| IMA901: 10 different synthetic tumor-associated peptide | mRCC | Phase II | Vaccination was safe and well-tolerated. Median OS was 23.5 months for patients pretreated with cyclophosphamide | NCT00523159 Walter et al. (27) |
| Tecemotide (L-BLP25): MUC-1-derived lipopeptide | NSCLC (stage III) | Phase III | No significant difference in OS. | NCT00409188 Butts et al. (28) |
| Multiepitope vaccine composed of tyrosinase, gp100 and MART-1 peptides | High-risk resected melanoma | Phase III | No RFS or OS improvement in vaccinated patients | NCT01989572 Lawson et al. (29) |