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. 2019 Mar 12;10:211. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00211

Table 2.

Various applications of stem cell-derived EV in stroke.

References Animals Stem cells
/mode of application 		EV production
/culture media 		EV isolation
/dose per animal 		Major finding
Xin et al. (47) Rat Rat BM MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/Exosome-free serum		 UC
/100 μg total exosome protein		 Angiogenesis
Neurogenesis
Neurological recovery
Doeppner et al. (82) Mice Human BM MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/MSC basal media		 PEG
/EVs released by 2 × 106 cells		 Neuroprotection
Angiogenesis
Neurogenesis
Immunomodulation
Neurological recovery
Chen et al. (83) Rat Mini-pig adipose MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/10% fetal bovine serum		 KISO™ system
/100 μg total exosome protein		 Reduction of infarct volume
Neurological recovery
Lee et al. (59) Rat Human adipose MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/Serum free media with brain extract		 UC
/0.2 mg
/kg		 Angiogenesis
Neurogenesis
Immunomodulation
Kalani et al. (84) Mice Mice ESCs
/intra-nasal		 2D culture on fibroblast monolayer
/Exosome-free serum		 UC
/NA		 Restoration of neurovascular unit
Immunomodulation
Otero-Ortega et al. (85) Rat Rat adipose MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/Exosome-free serum		 Exosome extraction kit (miRCURY)
/100 μg total exosome protein		 Neuroplasticity
White matter recovery
Neurological recovery
Xin et al. (30) Rat Rat BM MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/Exosome-free serum		 UC
/100 μg total exosome protein		 Neuroplasticity
Neurological recovery
Xin et al. (33) Rat microRNA-133b overexpressing Rat BM MSCs
/intra-arterial		 2D culture
/Exosome-free serum		 UC
/3 × 1011 EVs, comparable to 100 μg total exosome protein		 Neuroplasticity
Neurological recovery
Moon et al. (20) Rat Rat BM MSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/Serum free media with brain extract		 UC
/30 μg total exosome protein		 Angiogenesis Neurogenesis Neuroplasticity Neurological recovery
Cha et al. (37) In vitro Human BM MSCs 3D dynamic culture
/Serum free media		 UC
/NA		 Angiogenesis
Neurogenesis
Neurological recovery
Webb et al. (86) Pig Human NSCs
/intravenous		 2D culture
/NSC basal culture media		 UC
/2 × 1010 EVs
/kg		 Improve neural tissue preservation
Neurological recovery
Webb et al. (64) Mice iPSC-derived NSC or MSCs
/intravenous		 NA NA Neuroprotection Immunomodulation
Neurological recovery

MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; BM, bone marrow; UC, ultracentrifugation; PEG, polyethylene glycol precipitation method; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; NSCs, neural stem cells; NA, not available.