Figure 4.
(A,B) Microstructure of the BMV–CSC patch containing BMVs (A) and human CSCs (B) after 22 days of in vitro culture. Scale bars, 10 μm. The HUVECs in BMV and CSCs were highlighted in yellow and red, respectively. (C,D) Release of paracrine factors, namely, HGF and VEGF, in the conditioned media of the BMV–CSC patch and the coculture of HUVECs and CSCs with equivalent cell number in the patch on standard TCP (n = 3 for each group at each time point). All data are mean ± SD. Comparisons between any two groups were performed using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. * indicates p < 0.05 when compared with the BMV–CSC patch.