Table 1.
Summary of commonly studied autoantibodies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
| Ab type | Antigen | Predominant isotype | Type of antigen | Promoting or restraining | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural | Phosphatidylcholine | IgM | Oxidized phospholipid | Restraining | (64–69) |
| Malondialdehyde-LDL | IgM >> IgG | Restraining | (48, 49) | ||
| Phosphorylcholine (PC) | IgM (E06) and IgA (T15) | Restraining | (78–80) | ||
| Cardiolipin | IgM and IgA >> IgG | Restraining | (52) | ||
| Induced | Endothelial cells (AECA1) | IgG | Unknown | Promoting | (138, 146, 147) |
| Heat-shock protein-60/65 | IgG | Protein metabolites | Promoting | (96–98) | |
| Apolipoprotein A-1 | IgG | Promoting | (102, 103) | ||
1AECA, anti-endothelial cell antibody.