Figure 9. Nonpersistent vaccine formulations overcome primary resistance to CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy.
(A) Experimental scheme. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice bearing 7-day-old, s.c. B16 tumors after receiving naive pmel-1 T cells (i.v.). (B) Late anti–CTLA-4 therapy and/or vaccination with hgp100/IFA (s.c.) or hgp100 peptide in saline (s.c.) with covax. (C) Covax or late anti–CTLA-4 or anti–PD-L1 therapy and/or hgp100 peptide in saline (s.c.) and covax, or no treatment. (D) Late anti–CTLA-4 or anti–PD-L1 therapy and/or vaccination with hgp100 peptide in IFA or VSV.gp100, or left untreated. (E) Late dual checkpoint blockade therapy with anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-L1 combined with vaccination with hgp100/IFA (s.c.) and/or VSV.gp100 (i.v.). Data are pooled from 2 independent experiments, each with n = 15 mice per group. *P < 0.05, log-rank test.