Table 2.
Characteristics of the Study Population (n = 3,027), by Baseline Diabetes Status, Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study, 2000–2009
| Characteristic | No Diabetes, n = 2,741 | Diabetes,an = 286 |
Statistic t
or χ2 |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years, mean (range) | 78.6 (72–96) | 78.2 (74–93) | 1.9 | .06 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,290 (47.1) | 105 (36.7) | 11.2 | .001 |
| Education, years, mean (range) | 14.4 (1–20) | 14.3 (6–20) | 0.31 | .76 |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 108 (3.9) | 27 (9.4) | 18.4 | <.001 |
| Covariates | ||||
| Ginkgo treatment assignment, n (%) | 1,379 (50.3) | 142 (49.7) | 0.05 | .83 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 125 (4.7) | 9 (3.2) | 1.3 | .52 |
| CES-D, median (range) | 3 (0–26) | 4 (0–26) | −4.3 | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,114 (41.5) | 172 (61.4) | 41.0 | <.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 71 (2.6) | 15 (5.3) | 6.6 | .01 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 247 (9.1) | 49 (17.4) | 19.8 | <.001 |
| Mild cognitive impairment, n (%) | 420 (15.3) | 54 (18.9) | 2.5 | .12 |
| Insulin medication use, n (%) | — | 38 (13.3) | — | — |
| Oral hypoglycemic medication use, n (%) | — | 205 (71.7) | — | — |
| Anti-hypertensive medication use, n (%) | 1,495 (54.5) | 227 (79.4) | 65.1 | <.001 |
Note: To test differences between groups: Chi-square for categorical variables, Kruskal–Wallis for continuous variables. aDiabetes = self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or self-reported diabetes medication use at baseline.