Table 1.
The role and action mechanisms of PPARγ as a tumor suppressor.
| Experimental system | Role and action mechanisms | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modification | Cell type | ||
| Troglitazone treatment (PPARγ ligand) | Human colon cancer SW620, HCT116 cells | Inhibition of cell proliferation; induction of apoptosis; inactivation of NF-κB by suppression of GSK-3β | [24] |
| PPARγ activation by 4-O-methylhonokiol treatment | PC3, LNCap prostate cancer cells, PC3 xenografts |
Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; induction of apoptosis; p21-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity |
[25] |
| PPARγ overexpression | Human colon cancer HT-29 cells | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB by PPARγ | [26] |
| PPARγ overexpression | Human colon cancer HT-29 cells |
Inhibition of cell proliferation; ubiquitination and degradation of MUC1-C by PPARγ | [27] |
| PPARγ activation by efatutazone treatment (third-generation PPARγ agonist) | TE-4, TE-8, TE-11, TE-6 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells; TE-4 xenografts |
Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; increased p21 protein levels by inactivation of Akt | [28] |
| Pioglitazone and 6-OH-11-O-hydroxy phenanthrene (PPARγ and RXR agonist treatment) | Breast cancer MCF-7 cells, breast cancer associated fibroblast | Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; inhibition of IL-6 promoter and reduced MMP-2, MMP-9 expression and activity | [29] |
| Pioglitazone treatment (PPARγ ligand) | Chronic myeloid leukemia cells, leukemia stem cell (LSC) |
Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; decreased expression of STAT5 and HIF-1α | [30] |
| PPARγ overexpression by PPARγ plasmid | Gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-28, SGC-7901, BGC-823) | Inhibition of cell proliferation and migration; downregulation of TERT and ENAH by inhibition of β-catenin | [31] |
| PPARγ activation by troglitazone, PPARγ siRNA transfection | Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) | Inhibition of cell proliferation; upregulation of tumor suppressor Cyld | [32] |
| PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone, PPARγ inhibition by GW9662 | Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) | Inhibition of cell migration and invasion; downregulation of CXCR4 gene expression | [33] |