. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May 27;15(8):568–588. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2016.67

Table 1.

Selected ongoing Phase II and Phase III drug development programs for the treatment of kidney disease

Drug (company)	MOA	Hypothesized benefit	ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (name)	Trial information	Notes	Refs
Atrasentan (AbbVie)	ET_A receptor antagonist	Haemodynamic	NCT01858532 (SONAR)	Phase III Recruiting Enrolment (estimated): n=4148 Completion (estimated): July 2018	Primary outcome measure: time to the first occurrence of a component of the composite creatinine doubling or ESRD	77,263
Canagliflozin (Janssen)	SGLT2 inhibitor	Haemodynamic	NCT02065791 (CREDENCE)	Phase III Recruiting Enrolment (estimated): n=3700 Completion (estimated): January 2020	Primary outcome measure: time to composite end point including ESRD, doubling of serum creatinine, renal or cardiovascular death	189
Pyridorin (NephroGenex)	Vitamin B6 analogue reducing advanced glycosylation end product protein modification	Antioxidant	NCT02156843 (PIONEER)	Phase III Enrolment (estimated): n=600 Completion (estimated): Martch 2018	Primary outcome measure:time to the composite end point (≥100% serum creatinine increase or ESRD)	290
ASP8232 (Astellas Pharma)	VAP1 inhibitor	Anti-inflammatory	NCT02358096 (ALBUM)	Phase II Recruiting Enrolment (estimated): n=110 Completion (estimated): November 2016	Study aims to evaluate ASP8232 as an add-on therapy to an ACEI or an ARB in reducing albuminuria in patients withT2D and CKD	139
Baricitinib (Eli Lilly)	JAK1 and JAK2 inhibition	Anti-inflammatory	NCT01683409	Phase II Enrolment: n=131 Completed	Outcome showed an -30-40% decrease in UACR	95,105,291
CCX140 (ChemoCentryx)	CCR2 antagonist	Anti-inflammatory	NCT01447147	Phase II Enrolment: n=33 Completed	A significant (24%) reduction in first morning UACR at 12 weeks was observed	104, 292
CTP-499 (Concert Pharmaceuticals)	Deuterium-containing pentoxifylline metabolite, a multi-subtype PDE inhibitor	Anti-fibrotic	NCT01487109	Phase II Enrolment: n=170 Completed	Reportedly no significant change in UACR for patients taking CTP-499 compared with those on placebo at 24 weeks	293
Finerenone (Bayer)	MBA	Haemodynamic and anti-inflammatory	NCT01874431	Phase II Enrolment: n=821 Completed	Awaiting final data. Primary outcome change in UACR from that at baseline to that at 90 days	294, 295
GKT137831 (Genkyotex)	NOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor	Antioxidant	NCT02010242	Phase II Enrolment (estimated): n=200 Completed	Awaiting final data. Primary outcome 12-week change in UACR from baseline	296
VPI-2690B (Vascular Pharmaceuticals)	Monoclonal antibody to αvβ3 integrin	Inhibition of IGF1 signalling	NCT02251067	Phase II Enrolment (estimated): n=300 Completion (estimated): August 2017	Albuminuria reduction and eGFR preservation during the 50-week trial duration	230,232
GS-4997 (Gilead Sciences)	ASK1 inhibitor	Protein kinase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory	NCT02177786	Phase II Active, not recruiting Enrolment (estimated): n=300 Completion (estimated): September 2016	Change in eGFR from baseline at week 48. UACR reduction	133
PF-04634817 (Pfizer)	CCR2 and/or CCR5 antagonist	Anti-inflammatory	NCT01712061	Phase II Enrolment: n=226 Completed	Percent reduction from baseline in UACR at week 12	-

ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, type 1 angiotensin II receptor blocker: ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; CCR2. CC-chemokine receptor 2; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; ET_A receptor, endothelin A receptor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; JAK, Janus kinase; MOA, mechanism of action; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NOX, NADPH oxidase; PDE, phosphodiesterase; SGLT2, sodium–glucose co-transporter 2; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; VAP1, vascular adhesion protein 1.