Table 1.
Proteins involved in autophagic membrane fusion.
| Protein name | Location | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sec22 | ER, Golgi | Regulates Atg9 tubular network formation and autophagosome-vacuole fusion in yeast | Cell 2011 [26] |
| VAMP3 | Vacuole R/v-SNARE |
Involved in the fusion of Atg9- and Atg16L1-positive membranes | Cell 2013 [88] |
| VAMP7 | Vacuole R/v-SNARE |
Required for late endosome and lysosome fusion Atg16L1 precursor homotypic fusion | BBA 2009 [55] Cell 2011 [31] |
| VAMP3-VAMP7 | Vacuole R/v-SNARE |
Mammalian MVB-autophagosome fusion | BBA 2009 [55] MCB 1998 [89] |
| Vti1b | Q/t-SNARE | Regulates Atg16L1 homotypic fusion involved in Atg16L1 precursor formation and late endosome-lysosome fusion | Cell 2011 [31] Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2006 [53] |
| Vtilb-VAMP8 | R/v-SNARE | Mammalian autophagosome lysosome fusion | MBC 2010 [54] |
| VAMP8 | R/v-SNARE | Mammalian autophagosome lysosome fusion | MBC 2010 [54] |
| STX17 | Autophagosome-localized Q/t-SNARE |
Mammalian autophagosome lysosome fusion | Cell 2012 [61] |
| SNAP29 | Q/t-SNARE | Mammalian autophagosome lysosome fusion | Nat Cell Biol, 2014 [65] Nature 2015 [12] |
| Atg8/LC3 | Atg8-LC3-PE conjugation, present on both inner and outer membranes of autophagosome | Ubiquitin-like protein that is required for autophagosome formation, tethering, and hemifusion | EMBO J 2000 [82] Cell 2007 [81] |
| Atg12 | present on the outer side of the isolation membrane | Ubiquitin-like protein conjugates with Atg5; Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex promotes Atg8-PE formation and tethers membranes, which is essential for proper elongation of the | EMBO J 2012 [87] |
| Atg14(L) | Class III PI3K complex | Promotes membrane tethering and fusion of autophagosomes to endolysosomes | Nature 2015 [12] |