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Porous MNs. (I) Images of MN integrated transdermal patch (MITP) during fabrication. (A) MNs with encapsulated rhodamine B. (B) A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of single porous MN. (II) SEM of MITP before and after release test. MNs containing (A) 2.2 %, (B) 15 %, and (C) 21 % (w/w) lidocaine before release and (D), (E), and (F) after release, respectively. Copyright© with permission from 2013 American Chemical Society [93].
