Table 9.
Annualized population level estimates of productivity costs of depression associated with presenteeism by country, measured in USD (applying lower end estimates of the ratio between lifetime prevalence and annual prevalence to be 1.7)
| Brazil | Canada | Chinaa | Japan | Korea | Mexico | South Africa | USA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean cost/person | 5,788 | 4,270 | 547 | 3,801 | 2,114 | 2,918 | 6,066 | 5,524 |
| Median cost/person | 4,923 | 3,011 | 525 | 3,639 | 1,715 | 2,488 | 1,300 | 4,044 |
| IQR | 2,532, 7,877 | 1,994, 5,865 | 326, 735 | 1,213, 5,822 | 821, 2,716 | 2,466, 3,371 | 516, 10,187 | 2,316, 7,414 |
| Size of labor forceb | 104,745,358 | 19,271,114 | 787,632,272 | 65,281,090 | 25,765,461 | 52,847,521 | 19,083,339 | 158,666,072 |
| Estimated annual prevalence employees with diagnosis of depressionc | 11.06 | 12.18 | 3.76 | 5.88 | 4.35 | 8.59 | 15.06 | 13.35 |
| Aggregate cost (total labor force) | 67,045,901,668 | 10,019,732,326 | 16,219,665,046 | 14,596,083,711 | 2,370,968,034 | 13,243,837,457 | 17,432,024,000 | 117,034,708,031 |
| % GDP | 2.99 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 1.05 | 4.97 | 0.70 |
As only lifetime diagnosis of depression was collected, we divided the prevalence estimates collected in this study (as shown in Table 1) by the upper (2.5) and lower (1.7) estimates for the ratio between lifetime prevalence and annual prevalence for countries participating in this study based on estimates from the World Mental Health Survey [47] and national epidemiological surveys [49, 50]
aEstimate based on individual rather than household income for China only
bSize of the labor force was taken from the International Labor Organization, Key Indicators of the Labor Market Database (2009–2013)