Table 3.
Pathways associated with fasting glucose across human and mouse association datasets
| Pathway | MSEA | Meta-MSEA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Mouse | Mouse | Mouse | |||
| GWAS | GWAS | TWAS | EWAS | Value | FDR | |
| Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis | 2.56 | 0.88 | 3.84 | 0.63 | 4.73 | 2.22 % |
| Starch and sucrose metabolism | 3.67 | 1.37 | 3.29 | 0.17 | 4.57 | 2.22 % |
| Regulation And Function Of ChREBP in Liver | 3.10 | 0.93 | 2.74 | 0.41 | 4.08 | 3.60 % |
| Nuclear Receptors in Lipid Metabolism and Toxicity | 5.58 | 0.48 | 1.99 | 0.35 | 4.00 | 3.60 % |
| Regulation of gene expression in beta cells | 4.16 | 1.75 | 1.48 | 0.19 | 3.97 | 3.60 % |
| Type II diabetes mellitus | 2.11 | 1.09 | 1.48 | 1.08 | 3.66 | 6.00 % |
| Integration of energy metabolism | 2.42 | 0.33 | 2.17 | 1.09 | 3.34 | 10.82 % |
| Steroid biosynthesis | 1.10 | 2.04 | 1.27 | 0.76 | 3.10 | 14.34 % |
| alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism | 3.40 | 0.32 | 1.72 | 0.69 | 3.09 | 14.34 % |
| Incretin Synthesis, Secretion and Inactivation | 3.24 | 1.14 | 0.09 | 2.06 | 3.02 | 14.34 % |
| Adipocytokine signaling pathway | 2.55 | 0.41 | 1.13 | 1.26 | 2.94 | 14.34 % |
| Chylomicron-mediated lipid transport | 0.43 | 0.89 | 2.89 | 1.26 | 2.92 | 14.34 % |
| Glucose transport | 5.57 | 1.31 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 2.92 | 14.34 % |
The results are listed as − log10 P-values, and the full table is available in Additional file 5. MSEA was run with top 50 % of markers, and an LD cutoff r2 < 50 % was applied to the GWAS. For the human GWAS, SNPs were assigned to genes based on a 20 kb window in the genome sequence. For the mouse GWAS, liver eQTL data were used for gene assignment. The Bonferroni-adjusted 5 % significance level for 1346 independent tests is at − log10P = 4.43