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. 2016 Sep 20;2016:1946585. doi: 10.1155/2016/1946585

Table 1.

Immune cell tracking imaging strategies.

Types of cells Labeling strategy Imaging modality Labeling method Subject Duration of tracking Purpose Clinical translation Reference
DC Direct FLI NIR-QD Mouse 3 days Tracking study Limited [4]
PET 18F-SFB Mouse 4 h Tracking study Yes [44]
SPECT 111Indium Human 24–48 h Tracking study Yes [43]
SPECT 111Indium/99mTc-HMPAO Human 48–72 h Tracking study Yes [48]
DC Indirect BLI Fluc Mouse 4 days Tracking study Limited [47]
PET NIS/124I Mouse 4 days Tracking study Yes [47]
MRI FTH Mouse 48 h Tracking study Yes [45]
Macrophage Direct FLI NIR nanoparticle Mouse 3–24 h Tracking to inflammation Limited [20]
MRI SPIO Mouse 24 h Tracking to inflammation Yes [49]
MRI Magnetic nanoparticle Mouse 3–24 h Tracking to inflammation Yes [20]
MRI SPIO Mouse 6–13 days Tracking to rheumatoid arthritis Yes [50]
Macrophage Indirect BLI Fluc Mouse 0–21 days Tracking to inflammation Limited [51]
BLI Fluc Mouse 1–4 days Colon tumor targeting Limited [52]
PET NIS/124I Mouse 7 days Tracking to inflammation Yes [53]
PET NIS/124I Mouse 8–21 days Tracking to inflammation Yes [51]
PET/CT 18F-FB Mouse 3 h Tracking to lung carcinoma Yes [54]
T cells Direct MRI IOPC-NH2 Rat 24–48 h Tracking study Yes [49]
MRI PFPE/19F Mouse 48 h Tracking study Yes [55]
T cells Indirect BLI Fluc Mouse 24 h Tracking study Limited [56]
BLI Fluc Mouse 10 days Tracking to lung carcinoma Limited [57]
PET/CT sr39tk/18F-FHBG Mouse 1–21 days Melanoma tumor targeting Yes [58]
B cells Direct FLI NIR nanoparticle Mouse 1–15 days Tracking study Limited [59]
PET/CT 89Zr-anti-B220 Mouse 15–72 h Biodistribution study Yes [60]
B cells Indirect MRI SPIO Mouse 1–15 days Tracking study Yes [60]
NK Direct FLI NIR dye Rat 24 h Tracking study Limited [61]
PET 11C Mouse 0.5–1 h Tracking study Yes [62]
SPECT 111In Human 0.5–144 h Tracking and therapy study Yes [63]
SPECT 111In Human 6 days Biodistribution study Yes [64]
SPECT 111In Human 6–96 h Tracking study Yes [63]

DC: dendritic cell, NK: natural killer cell, FLI: fluorescence imaging, PET: positron emission tomography, SPECT: single photon emission computerized tomography, BLI: bioluminescence imaging, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, CT: computed tomography, NIR: near infrared, QD: quantum dot, SFB: fluorobenzoate, NIS: sodium iodide symporter, HMPAO: hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime, SPIO: superparamagnetic iron oxide, Fluc: firefly luciferase, FB: fluorobenzene, IOPC: iron oxide nanoparticles coated, PFPE: perfluoropolyethers, sr39tk: mutant type of HSV-thymidine kinase, and FHBG: fluorohydroxymethyl butyl guanine.