Table 2.
National annual estimates of emergency department visits for adverse drug reactions with alcohol involvement (ADR-A) and without alcohol involvement (ADR-NA)—stratified by therapeutic medication class of DAWN Drug Reference Vocabulary, sex, and age groups 12 years and older, United States, 2005–2011.
| ADR-A |
ADR-NA |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic medication classa | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | p-valueb | |
| Psychotherapeutic agents | All, ages 12+ | 3,486 | 13.8 (11.5–16.0) | 132,458 | 7.6 (7.3–8.0) | <.0001 |
| Males | 2,085 | 13.8 (10.6–17.1) | 49,368 | 7.6 (7.1–8.1) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 1,401 | 13.7 (11.0–16.3) | 83,090 | 7.6 (7.3–8.0) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 237 | 19.3 (10.2–28.4) | 13,409 | 10.5 (9.7–11.4) | 0.02 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 1,014 | 17.1 (11.6–22.5) | 32,629 | 11.2 (10.6–11.8) | 0.01 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 1,555 | 14.2 (11.3–17.1) | 45,551 | 9.6 (9.1–10.1) | 0.0002 | |
| Ages 55+ | 679 | 9.5 (4.9–14.0) | 40,869 | 4.8 (4.4–5.2) | 0.007 | |
| CNS agents | All, ages 12+ | 14,954 | 59.1 (55.8–62.4) | 472,335 | 27.1 (26.4–27.9) | <.0001 |
| Males | 8,455 | 56.2 (52.1–60.2) | 181,877 | 28.0 (27.1–29.0) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 6,499 | 63.4 (58.4–68.4) | 290,459 | 26.6 (25.8–27.3) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 718 | 58.4 (46.0–70.9) | 37,540 | 29.5 (28.2–30.8) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 3,744 | 63.0 (57.1–68.8) | 96,098 | 32.9 (31.7–34.0) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 6,892 | 62.8 (57.5–68.2) | 140,401 | 29.6 (28.5–30.7) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 3,601 | 50.3 (44.8–55.8) | 198,296 | 23.4 (22.5–24.3) | <.0001 | |
| Respiratory agents | All, ages 12+ | 857 | 3.4 (2.4–4.3) | 69,374 | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | 0.26 |
| Males | 344 | 2.3 (1.2–3.4) | 24,073 | 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 0.06 | |
| Females | 513 | 5.0 (3.2–6.8) | 45,300 | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) | 0.30 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 88 | 7.2 (2.3–12.0) | 8,182 | 6.4 (5.8–7.1) | 0.76 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 174 | 2.9 (1.6–4.3) | 14,360 | 4.9 (4.5–5.3) | 0.03 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 332 | 3.0 (1.4–4.6) | 22,115 | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) | 0.10 | |
| Ages 55+ | 264 | 3.7 (1.6–5.8) | 24,717 | 2.9 (2.7–3.2) | 0.43 | |
| Cardiovascular agents | All, ages 12+ | 2,071 | 8.2 (6.4–9.9) | 201,322 | 11.6 (10.9–12.2) | 0.0008 |
| Males | 1,292 | 8.6 (6.1–11.0) | 83,631 | 12.9 (12.1–13.7) | 0.003 | |
| Females | 779 | 7.6 (5.3–9.9) | 117,692 | 10.8 (10.2–11.4) | 0.02 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 2,252 | 1.8 (1.4–2.1) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 128 | 2.1 (0.3–4.0) | 10,925 | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 0.20 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 757 | 6.9 (4.9–8.9) | 44,264 | 9.3 (8.7–10.0) | 0.04 | |
| Ages 55+ | 1,183 | 16.5 (12.1–21) | 143,882 | 17.0 (16.0–17.9) | 0.84 | |
| Anti-infectives | All, ages 12+ | 1,187 | 4.7 (3.5–5.9) | 345,202 | 19.8 (19.3–20.4) | <.0001 |
| Males | 456 | 3.0 (1.9–4.1) | 100,146 | 15.4 (14.8–16.1) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 732 | 7.1 (4.8–9.5) | 245,056 | 22.4 (21.8–23.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 87 | 7.1 (2.1–12.0) | 40,940 | 32.2 (30.8–33.6) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 403 | 6.8 (4.2–9.4) | 80,125 | 27.4 (26.4–28.4) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 432 | 3.9 (2.0–5.8) | 101,132 | 21.3 (20.6–22.1) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 266 | 3.7 (2.0–5.4) | 123,005 | 14.5 (13.9–15.2) | <.0001 | |
| Coagulation modifiers | All, ages 12+ | 985 | 3.9 (2.8–5.0) | 174,155 | 10.0 (9.3–10.7) | <.0001 |
| Males | 704 | 4.7 (3.1–6.3) | 86,180 | 13.3 (12.3–14.3) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 281 | 2.7 (1.4–4.1) | 87,975 | 8.1 (7.5–8.7) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 230 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | — | — | 3,612 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | — | |
| Ages 35–54 | 257 | 2.3 (1.1–3.6) | 21,405 | 4.5 (4.1–4.9) | 0.01 | |
| Ages 55+ | 668 | 9.3 (6.3–12.4) | 148,907 | 17.6 (16.4–18.7) | <.0001 | |
| Gastrointestinal agents | All, ages 12+ | 649 | 2.6 (1.5–3.7) | 62,625 | 3.6 (3.3–3.9) | 0.12 |
| Males | 355 | 2.4 (1.0–3.8) | 19,760 | 3.0 (2.7–3.4) | 0.40 | |
| Females | 294 | 2.9 (1.1–4.6) | 42,865 | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | 0.33 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 3,344 | 2.6 (2.1–3.1) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | — | — | 9,472 | 3.2 (2.9–3.6) | — | |
| Ages 35–54 | 191 | 1.7 (0.8–2.6) | 17,108 | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 0.005 | |
| Ages 55+ | 289 | 4.0 (1.5–6.6) | 32,700 | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) | 0.88 | |
| Genitourinary-tract agents | All, ages 12+ | 680 | 2.7 (1.2–4.1) | 12,227 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <.0001 |
| Males | 656 | 4.4 (2.0–6.8) | 6,180 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | <.0001 | |
| Females | — | — | 6,047 | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | — | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 809 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | — | — | 1,817 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | — | |
| Ages 35–54 | — | — | 2,742 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | — | |
| Ages 55+ | 229 | 3.2 (1.3–5.1) | 6,859 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | <.0001 | |
| Hormones | All, ages 12+ | 657 | 2.6 (1.6–3.6) | 92,656 | 5.3 (5.0–5.6) | 0.0002 |
| Males | 319 | 2.1 (0.7–3.5) | 22,306 | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 0.14 | |
| Females | 338 | 3.3 (1.7–4.9) | 70,350 | 6.4 (6.1–6.8) | 0.004 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 10,995 | 8.6 (7.8–9.5) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 91 | 1.5 (0.4–2.6) | 23,537 | 8.1 (7.5–8.7) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 181 | 1.6 (0.7–2.6) | 25,292 | 5.3 (4.9–5.8) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 337 | 4.7 (1.7–7.7) | 32,832 | 3.9 (3.5–4.2) | 0.53 | |
| Metabolic agents | All, ages 12+ | 2,052 | 8.1 (6.4–9.8) | 157,192 | 9.0 (8.3–9.8) | 0.24 |
| Males | 1,567 | 10.4 (8.2–12.6) | 72,111 | 11.1 (10.1–12.2) | 0.48 | |
| Females | 485 | 4.7 (3.0–6.5) | 85,081 | 7.8 (7.1–8.4) | 0.004 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 2,235 | 1.8 (1.4–2.1) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 184 | 3.1 (1.5–4.6) | 8,693 | 3.0 (2.6–3.3) | 0.88 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 860 | 7.8 (5.6–10.1) | 37,551 | 7.9 (7.2–8.6) | 0.94 | |
| Ages 55+ | 991 | 13.8 (10.6–17.1) | 108,712 | 12.8 (11.7–14) | 0.48 | |
| Nutritional products | All, ages 12+ | 472 | 1.9 (1.1–2.7) | 39,729 | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 0.34 |
| Males | 242 | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) | 13,783 | 2.1 (1.9–2.4) | 0.25 | |
| Females | 230 | 2.2 (0.5–4.0) | 25,946 | 2.4 (2.1–2.6) | 0.88 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 1,459 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 68 | 1.1 (0.2–2.1) | 4,982 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 0.35 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 229 | 2.1 (0.5–3.7) | 10,913 | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 0.80 | |
| Ages 55+ | 173 | 2.4 (1.0–3.8) | 22,376 | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 0.77 | |
| Othersc | All, ages 12+ | 703 | 2.8 (1.8–3.7) | 177,784 | 10.2 (9.6–10.8) | <.0001 |
| Males | 360 | 2.4 (1.3–3.5) | 65,003 | 10.0 (9.3–10.7) | <.0001 | |
| Females | 343 | 3.3 (1.6–5.1) | 112,781 | 10.3 (9.7–10.9) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 12–20 | — | — | 10,476 | 8.2 (7.2–9.3) | — | |
| Ages 21–34 | 138 | 2.3 (0.5–4.2) | 25,844 | 8.8 (8.3–9.4) | 0.0002 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 285 | 2.6 (1.2–4.0) | 49,204 | 10.4 (9.7–11) | <.0001 | |
| Ages 55+ | 230 | 3.2 (1.3–5.2) | 92,260 | 10.9 (10.1–11.7) | <.0001 | |
| Unknown | All, ages 12+ | 861 | 3.4 (2.5–4.3) | 54,791 | 3.1 (2.9–3.4) | 0.59 |
| Males | 518 | 3.4 (2.1–4.7) | 21,456 | 3.3 (3.0–3.6) | 0.84 | |
| Females | 343 | 3.3 (2.2–4.5) | 33,335 | 3.1 (2.8–3.3) | 0.62 | |
| Ages 12–20 | 54 | 4.4 (1.3–7.5) | 4,886 | 3.8 (3.1–4.6) | 0.72 | |
| Ages 21–34 | 250 | 4.2 (2.2–6.2) | 10,913 | 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 0.65 | |
| Ages 35–54 | 393 | 3.6 (2.0–5.2) | 16,304 | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 0.86 | |
| Ages 55+ | 164 | 2.3 (1.0–3.5) | 22,689 | 2.7 (2.4 – 3.0) | 0.58 | |
—, imprecise estimate, or not applicable; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; DAWN, Drug Abuse Warning Network; N, annual estimated number of ED visits (weighted).
a
Based on the ED standard drug list 2 (SDLED_2) of DAWN Drug Reference Vocabulary.
b
All p-values are based on two-tailed Rao-Scott chi-square test.
c
Others include alternative medicines, antineoplastics, biologicals, immunological agents, medical gas, miscellaneous agents, plasma expanders, radiologic agents, and topical agents.