. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: AIDS Behav. 2016 Oct;20(10):2357–2371. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1265-x

Table 4.

Factors associated with HIV among MSM in eight southern provinces of Vietnam

Characteristic	N	% HIV	Univariate		Multivariate^b
Characteristic	N	% HIV	OR (95 % CI)	p value	aOR (95 %CI)	p value
Age (years)	2752		1.06 (1.04–1.09)	<0.001	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	<0.001
Region	2754
Southwestern	1604	1.6	1
Southeastern	1150	3.5	2.28 (1.37–3.77)	0.001	–	–
Educational level	2746
Low (illiterate/primary school)	525	5.0	1
Secondary school	1053	1.9	0.37 (0.21–0.67)	0.001	–	–
High school	894	1.9	0.37 (0.20–0.69)	0.002	–	–
Vocational/college/university	274	0.7	0.14 (0.03–0.60)	0.008	–	–
Occupation	2754
Unemployed	357	1.7	1
Small business/vendor	430	4.4	2.70 (1.07–6.85)	0.036	–	–
Singer/barber shopper	393	4.1	2.48 (0.96–6.42)	0.06	–	–
White collar	81	2.5	1.48 (0.29–7.47)	0.634	–	–
Students	461	0.4	0.25 (0.05–1.27)	0.095	–	–
Other (worker, laborer, farmer)	1032	1.9	1.16 (0.46–2.90)	0.757	–	–
Marital status	2752
Never married	2497	2.4	1		1
Ever married	255	2.0	0.81 (0.32–2.04)	0.658	0.10 (0.03–0.29)	<0.001
Income (per month)	2740
≤2 VND million	1552	1.6	1		1
2–4 VND million	931	3.4	2.27 (1.33–3.87)	0.003	1.27 (0.55–2.93)	0.574
>4 VND million	257	3.5	2.31 (1.06–5.03)	0.035	3.85 (0.75–19.63)	0.105
Having a religion	2747
No	945	1.4	1		1
Yes	1802	2.9	2.13 (1.15–3.93)	0.016	3.56 (2.21–5.73)	<0.001
Residing in the local area	2745
No	453	1.6	1
Yes	2292	2.5	1.65 (0.75–3.65)	0.212	–	–
Currently living with	2752
Alone	297	4.0	1
Parents/relatives	1816	2.3	0.55 (0.28–1.06)	0.073	–	–
Friends/male partners	489	2.0	0.50 (0.21–1.16)	0.107	–	–
Wife/cohabiting/girl friend	150	1.3	0.32 (0.07–1.45)	0.14	–	–
Age at sexual debut (years)	2743
>15	2490	2.4	1
≤15	253	2.0	0.82 (0.32–2.05)	0.666	–	–
Sexual identity	2745
Transvestite gay	502	4.0	1
Non transvestite gay	1637	2.3	0.56 (0.32–0.97)	0.038	–	–
Bisexual	606	1.3	0.32 (0.14–0.74)	0.007	–	–
Sexual role	2148
Exclusively or frequently insertive	815	1.8	1		1	^***
Versatile (equally insertive and receptive)	882	1.8	0.99 (0.48–2.01)	0.968	0.38 (0.11–1.33)	0.130
Exclusively or frequently receptive	451	2.4	1.33 (0.61–2.93)	0.474	0.28 (0.13–0.62)	0.002
Basic HIV knowledge (national indicator–20)^a	2753
No	1684	2.2	1
Yes	1069	2.6	1.20 (0.73–1.97)	0.478	–	–
Number of male anal sex partners in past 3 months	2745
1	767	1.2	1
2–4	957	2.2	1.89 (0.86–4.15)	0.113
≥5	267	2.3	1.94 (0.68–5.49)	0.214	–	–
Engaged in sex with a foreigner in past 12 months	2754
No	2692	2.3	1		1
Yes	62	6.5	2.97 (1.05–8.45)	0.041	9.24 (1.83–46.64)	0.007
Consumed alcohol before anal sex in past 3 months	1950
Always	463	3.2	1		1
Frequently	413	0.7	0.22 (0.06–0.76)	0.017	0.19 (0.02–1.45)	0.108
Sometimes	583	1.4	0.42 (0.17–0.99)	0.047	0.15 (0.06–0.34)	<0.001
Never	491	1.6	0.49 (0.21–1.18)	0.11	0.46 (0.09–2.32)	0.345
Condom use during anal sex in past 3 months	1943
Never	441	2.5	1		1
Sometimes	283	2.8	1.14 (0.45–2.86)	0.785	0.97 (0.34–2.78)	0.959
Frequently	377	0.8	0.31 (0.09–1.13)	0.077	0.07 (0.01–0.90)	0.041
Always	842	1.4	0.56 (0.25–129)	0.176	0.42 (0.08–2.22)	0.306
Lubricant used during anal sex in past 12 months	1984
No	1174	1.4	1
Yes	810	2.4	1.74 (0.89–3.40)	0.106	–	–
Cigarette smoking during past month	2746
Never	1043	2.4	1
Sometimes	355	2.3	0.94 (0.42–2.10)	0.878	–	–
Daily	1348	2.4	0.99 (0.58–1.68)	0.971	–	–
Consumed alcohol during past month	2743
Never	560	1.8	1		1
One or a few times/month	1104	2.1	1.17 (0.55–2.48)	0.681	2.14 (0.51–8.92)	0.297
One or a few times/week	864	2.6	1.44 (0.68–3.06)	0.347	1.19 (0.15–9.61)	0.871
Daily	215	4.7	2.68 (1.10–6.54)	0.03	0.32 (0.01–7.21)	0.474
Recreational drug use	2754
Never	2558	2.0	1		1	^***
Previously but no longer	129	5.4	2.77 (1.23–6.21)	0.014	7.37 (2.22–24.52)	0.001
Currently inhaling/swallowing	42	7.1	3.71 (1.11–12.38)	0.033	19.29 (4.60–80.92)	<0.001
Currently injecting	25	12.0	6.57 (1.91–22.64)	0.003	63.58 (28.20–143.38)	<0.001
Types of recreational drug use +++	2754
Never	2559	2.0	1		1	^***
Cannabis and others	117	1.7	0.84 (0.20–3.48)	0.808	2.90 (0.49–17.14)	0.239
ATS	47	14.9	8.44 (3.61–19.71)	<0.001	28.87 (5.10–163.54)	<0.001
Heroin	31	12.9	7.14 (2.41–21.15)	<0.001	48.16 (25.23–91.90)	<0.001
HIV risk self-assessment	1899
Not at all likely to be infected	1100	2.6	1		1	^***
Unlikely to be infected	297	1.7	0.91 (0.37–2.21)	0.828	0.42 (0.12–1.45)	0.170
Likely to be infected	424	1.7	1.88 (1.03–3.45)	0.04	2.48 (1.00–6.18)	0.050
Very likely to be infected	78	1.3	3.08 (1.24–7.63)	0.015	3.76 (1.20–11.79)	0.023
Syphilis-positive	2454
No	2414	2.3	1		1
Yes	40	10	4.77 (1.64–13.85)	0.004	8.12 (2.59–25.53)	<0.001
Urethral infection with either gonorrhea or Chlamydia	2164
No	2029	2.5	1		1
Yes	135	3.0	1.18 (0.42–3.33)	0.748	3.18 (0.71–14.24)	0.131

Full model includes: age, region, education level, occupation, marital status, income, having a religion, residing in the local area, whom currently living with, sexual identity, sexual role, number of male anal sex partners in past three months, ever engaging in sex with a foreigner in past 12 months, consuming alcohol before anal sex in past three months, condom use during anal sex in past three months, lubricant use during anal sex in past 12 months, drinking last month, recreational drug use, types of recreational drug use, self HIV risk assessment, syphilis, urethral infection with either gonorrhea or chlamydia (Four HIV cases previously tested for HIV were removed from the model)

N sample size; OR odds ratio; aOR adjusted OR; CI confidence interval; +++: recreational drug use was replaced by types of recreational drug use in the full model (to see the effect of types of recreational drug use on HIV)

^***

p for trend <0.05

Having necessary HIV knowledge includes correct answers to the all 5 as below: 1. Having only one partner who is not infected HIV can reduce the risk of HIV infection; 2. Condom use can reduce the risk of HIV infection; 3. A healthy-looking person can be infected with HIV; 4. Mosquito bites do not transmit HIV; 5. Sharing food with PLWHIV does not transmit HIV

Adjusted for cluster effect in the final model