Table 1.
Current studies investigating the role of the gut microbiota in IMID patients.
| IMID | Subjects | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBD | Thirty-one patients with ileal, ileocolic, and colon-restricted CD | Distinct microbiota profiles observed between ileal and colonic CD: ileal CD richer in Escherichia and disease activity correlated with abundance of Fusobacterium; increased abundance of Faecalibacterium, Clostridiales, and Ruminococcaceae in colonic CD. | Naftali et al., 2016 |
| Sixty newly diagnosed pediatric CD | Increased diversity of Proteobacteria and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes in CD at baseline. Microbiota profile of CD resembled profile of controls upon clinical remission. | de Meij et al., 2015 | |
| Four hundred and sixty-eight newly diagnosed pediatric CD | Increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae and decreased abundance of Erysipelotrichales, Bacteroidales, and Clostridiales correlates with disease status. Shifts more strongly observed in tissue versus stool. | Gevers et al., 2014 | |
| Fifteen patients with CD, 21 patients with UC | Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria more abundant in inflamed CD mucosa versus inflamed UC. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes more abundant in inflamed UC mucosa. Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas levels differ between inflamed CD and UC; 13 genera significantly differed within the non-inflamed mucosa. Non-inflamed UC mucosa most different from non-IBD mucosa. No variation in taxa when comparing different gut comparatments within CD or UC. | Forbes et al., 2016 | |
| MS | Seven RRMS patients | Differences in Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Faecalibacterium decreased in MS. Differences in Bacteroidaceae, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillaceae, Clostridium, and other Clostridiales in glatiramer acetate-treated patients compared to untreated. Vitamin D associated with changes in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Untreated patients had increase in Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Coprococcus after vitamin D treatment. |
Mowry et al., 2012 Cantarel et al., 2015 |
| Fifty-three MS patients: 22 untreated; 13 glatiramer acetate treated; 18 IFN-β treated | Increased Methanobrevibacter smithii in MS. Decreased Butyricimonas and Lachnospiraceae in untreated MS. | Jhangi et al., 2014 | |
| Twenty pediatric RRMS | Increased Escherichia, Shigella, Clostridium. Decreased Eubacterium rectale, Corynebacterium. | Tremlett et al., 2015 | |
| Fifteen pediatric RRMS | IL-17+ T cells positively correlated with overall richness and evenness; inverse correlation between IL-17+ T cells and Bacteroidetes | Tremlett et al., 2016a | |
| Seventeen pediatric RRMS | Decreased Fusobacteria, increased Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota linked to shorter relapse time. | Tremlett et al., 2016b | |
| RA | Fifty-one early (≤6 mo) RA | Decreased bifidobacteria, Bacteroides fragilis subgroup, Eubacterium rectale – Clostridium coccoides subgroup, and Bacteroides–Porphyromonas–Prevotella groups | Vaahtovuo et al., 2008 |
| Fifteen early (≤6 mo) RA | Increased Lactobacillus and diversity. | Liu et al., 2013 | |
| Forty-four new-onset RA; 26 chronic, treated RA; 16 PsA | Increased Prevotella copri in NORA; decreased Bacteroides and beneficial microbes. | Sher et al., 2013 | |
| Seventy-seven treatment naïve RA; 17 treatment naïve RA paired with healthy relatives; 21 DMARD-treated RA | Increased Lactobacillus salivarius; decreased Haemophilus. Metagenomic linkage groups containing Clostridium asparagiforme, Gordonibacter pamelaeae, Eggerthella lenta, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus sp., and Ruminococcus lactaris enriched. | Zhang et al., 2015 | |
| Forty RA | Expansion of Actinobacteria (Eggerthella, Actinomyces), Turicibacter, Streptococcus. Reduced Faecalibacterium. Collinsella correlated with high levels of alpha-aminoadipic acid and asparagine and IL-17A production. Role of Collinsella in altering gut permeability and disease severity confirmed in experimental arthritis. | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| AS | Fifteen AS patients | Increased prevalence of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Decreased immunological tolerance to Bacteroides. | Stebbings et al., 2002 |
| Nine recent-onset (≤48 mo) TNF-inhibitor naïve AS patients | Increased diversity, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Bacteroidaceae; decreased Veillonellaceae and Prevotellaceae | Costello et al., 2015 | |
| SLE | Twenty SLE patients in remission | Decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Reduction of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, enrichment of Bacteroidales. | Hevia et al., 2014 |
| Psoriasis/ PsA | Fifteen patients with psoriasis of the skin; 16 PsA | Reduced diversity. Coprococcus decreased in psoriasis and PsA. Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Pseudobutyrivibrio decreased in PsA. | Scher et al., 2015 |
| Twenty-nine psoriasis; 31 IBD; 13 concomitant psoriasis and IBD | Lower abundance of F. prausnitzii and higher abundance of E. coli | Eppinga et al., 2015 | |