. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Eur Respir J. 2015 Nov 5;47(3):733–741. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00637-2015

Table III.

Adjusted risk of airway obstruction (FEV₁/FVC < 70% and FEV₁/FVC < lower limit of normal) associated with mode of transportation (n=20,102)

	FEV₁/FVC < 70%		FEV1/FVC < LLN

	Odds Ratio (95% CI) ^†	P-Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI) ^†	P-Value
Bus without AC	1.04 (0.76, 1.43)	0.81	1.12 (0.79, 1.59)	0.51
Bus with AC	0.79 (0.54, 1.15)	0.21	1.06 (0.75, 1.49)	0.76
Scooter	0.71 (0.44, 1.13)	0.15	0.85 (0.56, 1.27)	0.42
Taxi	2.11 (0.64, 6.91)	0.22	2.21 (0.78, 6.25)	0.14
Company Car	0.72 (0.26, 2.01)	0.53	1.10 (0.43, 2.77)	0.85
Private Car	0.43 (0.21, 0.86)	0.02	0.68 (0.41, 1.12)	0.13
Train	^*	^*	^*	^*
Subway	0.82 (0.11, 6.09)	0.85	1.50 (0.53, 4.28)	0.44
Walk	0.92 (0.67, 1.25)	0.57	1.00 (0.70, 1.42)	0.98
Bicycle	Reference	Reference

^†

Adjusted for age, height, gender, SHS (yes or no), smoking history (current, former, and never), pack years of smoking, biomass exposure (yes or no), education (≤ elementary, middle or high school, ≥ college), mode of transport, and occupational category (farmer, worker, professional, administrator, services, household duties, retired, or other).

Exhibited non-convergence, odds ratio/95% CI/p-value not reported.