Table 1.
Summary of important factors and efficacy of MSCs therapeutics for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy ICM, and diabetic foot from recent publications.
| Name of ischemic disease | MSC source | Transplantation route | Transplantation timing and dose | Major efficacy | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic cerebrovascular disease | Bone marrow MSCs [26, 29, 37, 42], adipose-derived MSCs [27, 31, 41], and umbilical cord MSCs [30] | Intracranial transplantation [28], intracerebral injection [26], and intracerebral injection [27] | Within 24 h after stroke, 106~107 MSCs [29] | Angiogenesis induction, neuron protection, and inflammation suppression [26, 27, 30, 35–40] | Growth factors secretion, endogenous cell proliferation, and inflammatory cytokine regulation [27, 30, 36–40] |
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| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | Bone marrow MSCs [45, 54, 55, 64, 65], | Intracoronary delivery [45], intravenous injection [46], and intramyocardial injection [47] | Within one week after AMI [51–53], 107~108 MSCs [48, 49, 52] | Improvement of 6-minute walk distance, regional LV and regional myocardial function, infarct size reduction, and angiogenesis induction [44–47, 50, 58, 59] | Cardiac tissue cells differentiation and proliferation, secreting cytokine/chemokine/ growth factor secretion, and inflammation/immune response modulation [44, 54–60] |
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| Diabetic foot | Bone marrow MSCs [66–69], adipose-derived MSCs [70, 71], and umbilical cord MSCs [72–74] | Multiple intravenous delivery [75], intra-arterial transplantation [76], and multiple intramuscular injection [70] | After ischemic limb, 106~107 stem cells [77] | Angiogenesis, neovasculogenesis granulation tissue formation induction, epidermal cell regeneration, and wound healing improvement [66, 67, 70, 72–74, 77–80] | Inflammation regulation, extracellular matrix production, paracrine secretion of growth factor/chemokine, and keratinocytes and endothelial cells differentiation [67, 68, 72–74, 77, 79, 80] |
MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, and LV: left ventricular.