Table 3.
Multi-Level Logistic Regression Models Estimating the Adjusted Effects of Penn Craving Scale and Desires for Drug Questionnaire Subscales on the Odds of Opioid Use During the Subsequent Follow-Up Period (n = 138).
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Effects | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Time-Invariant Baseline Covariates | ||||
| Years Age | 0.97* (0.94; 0.99) | 0.97* (0.94; 0.99) | 0.96** (0.94; 0.99) | 0.96** (0.94; 0.99) |
| Gender (Male) | 1.39 (0.73; 2.63) | 1.36 (0.71; 2.62) | 1.35 (0.69; 2.63) | 1.35 (0.6971; 2.63) |
| Ethnicity (Non-Hispanic Caucasian) | 0.70 (0.36; 1.33) | 0.71 (0.37; 1.38) | 0.70 (0.36; 1.38) | 0.71 (0.36; 1.40) |
| Years Education | 1.02 (0.88; 1.18) | 1.02 (0.88; 1.19) | 1.02 (0.88; 1.20) | 1.02 (0.88; 1.20) |
| Opiate of Choice (Heroin) | 2.88** (1.62; 5.12) | 3.14** (1.76; 5.62) | 3.31** (1.84; 6.07) | 3.37** (1.87; 6.09) |
| Days (0–30) Used Opioids | 1.04* (1.01; 1.07) | 1.05** (1.02; 1.08) | 1.05** (1.02; 1.08) | 1.05** (1.02; 1.08) |
| Cocaine+ at Baseline | 2.36* (1.31; 4.25) | 2.41** (1.32; 4.40) | 2.32** (1.25; 4.30) | 2.29** (1.25; 4.30) |
| BPI (Pain Interference) | 1.01 (0.92; 1.11) | 1.02 (0.92; 1.12) | 1.00 (0.91; 1.11) | 1.00 (0.91; 1.10) |
| Intervention | 0.70 (0.41; 1.20) | 0.66 (0.38; 1.14) | 0.65 (0.37; 1.14) | 0.65 (0.37; 1.14) |
| Time-Varying Predictors | ||||
| Linear Time | 1.37* (1.29; 1.47) | 1.35** (1.27; 1.44) | 1.34** (1.26; 1.43) | 1.34** (1.26; 1.43) |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 1.00 (0.98; 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98; 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.04) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.04) |
| Penn Craving Scale | 1.27** (1.08; 1.49) | NA | NA | NA |
| DDQ – Desire & Intention | NA | 1.25* (1.03; 1.51) | NA | NA |
| DDQ – Negative Reinforcement | NA | NA | 1.01 (0.88; 1.17) | NA |
| DDQ - Control | NA | NA | NA | 0.97 (0.85; 1.11) |
| SD Random Intercept | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
| −2 Log-Likelihood | 730.9 | 733.9 | 739.1 | 739.0 |
| AIC | 758.9 | 761.9 | 767.1 | 767.0 |
| BIC | 822.1 | 825.2 | 830.4 | 830.3 |
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01