Figure 1.
Effects of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, on (a) gene expression and (b) protein secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), by fully differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were incubated in the absence (0) and presence of 50 or 500 μmol/l palmitic acid for 24 and 48 h. TNF-α mRNA was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and TNF-α protein secreted into the incubation medium was measured by immunoassay. Results are means ± s.e. for three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. untreated (0).