Figure 3. Punishment uniformly activates cholinergic neurons.
A, Spike rasters (top) and peri-event time histograms (PETHs, bottom) of two identified cholinergic neurons aligned to air puff punishment (orange line). Trials were sorted by RT (grey ticks, stimulus onset). Cholinergic neurons showed precisely timed short latency response to air puff. B, Top, individual PETHs (color coded from black to white) of all identified cholinergic neurons revealed homogeneous phasic responses to punishment (left, NB; right, HDB). Cells are sorted by response latency. Arrows indicate the example neurons in panel A (black, left neuron). Bottom, average PETH. C, The area in the purple rectangle in panel A is magnified to reveal the low latency and jitter. D, Cumulative histogram of punishment response peak latency, first spike jitter, reliability and number of spikes in response to punishment (spike count). E, Spike latency showed negative correlation with spike count. Error bars, s.e.m. See also Fig. S3.