Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2016 Feb 15;5:e13253. doi: 10.7554/eLife.13253

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2016, Fushiki et al

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 7. — (A) Behavioral responses induced by optogenetic activation of GDL-GAL4-expressing neurons (A1) A wild-type larva. Illumination with blue light (~480 nm) induced light-avoidance behaviors such as backward movement and head turning. (A2) Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated activation of GDLs completely immobilized the abdominal segments of the larva (yellow dashed circles; 10 of 10 larvae [GDL-GAL4>UAS-ChR2-T159C] compared to 0 of 8 cases in the control larvae [w¹¹¹⁸>UAS-ChR2-T159C]). (B–D) Larvae expressing dTRPA1 in GDL-GAL4 showed locomotion defects at a restrictive temperature. Traces (B), locomotion speed (C) and wave duration (D) at permissive and restrictive temperatures are shown (C; Locomotion speed, 0.85 ± 0.05 mm/sec compared to 1.17 ± 0.05 mm/sec in the control larvae, the larvae with the same genotype at a permissive temperature (22°C), D; Wave duration, 1.42 ± 0.43 sec [GDL-GAL4>UAS-dTRPA1] compared to 0.79 ± 0.06 sec [w¹¹¹⁸] and 0.74 ± 0.05 sec [iav-GAL80>UAS-dTRPA1]; p<0.001. Note that larvae normally crawl faster at 32°C than at 22°C). For all conditions in each figure, n = 20 in (C) and n = 10 in (D). (E) A dissected larva expressing ChR2-T159C in GDL-GAL4 and mhc::GFP in muscles (GDL-GAL4>mhc::GFP, UAS-ChR2-T159C). When blue light was applied during peristalsis, contracted muscles became relaxed (n = 12). (F) (F1) Localized photostimulation was applied to an anterior portion of the VNC (around A3-A5, yellow arrow) during peristalsis. Arrowhead denotes the contracting segments at this moment. (F2) Muscular movement was examined by using the scattered light changes. The light intensity change in muscles in A3-A5 is plotted. In this example, the peristaltic wave halted at A3 (dashed circle with arrowheads). Statistical significance was determined by Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons (***p<0.001). Scale bar represents 15 mm in (C), 9 mm in (A), 250 μm in (F) and 200 μm in (B). (See also Figure 7—figure supplement 1.)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13253.021

Figure 7—figure supplement 1. — (A) Behavioral responses induced by optogenetic activation of GDL-GAL4-expressing neurons (A1) A wild-type larva. Illumination with blue light (~480 nm) induced light-avoidance behaviors such as backward movement and head turning. (A2) Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated activation of GDLs completely immobilized the abdominal segments of the larva (yellow dashed circles; 10 of 10 larvae [GDL-GAL4>UAS-ChR2-T159C] compared to 0 of 8 cases in the control larvae [w¹¹¹⁸>UAS-ChR2-T159C]). (B–D) Larvae expressing dTRPA1 in GDL-GAL4 showed locomotion defects at a restrictive temperature. Traces (B), locomotion speed (C) and wave duration (D) at permissive and restrictive temperatures are shown (C; Locomotion speed, 0.85 ± 0.05 mm/sec compared to 1.17 ± 0.05 mm/sec in the control larvae, the larvae with the same genotype at a permissive temperature (22°C), D; Wave duration, 1.42 ± 0.43 sec [GDL-GAL4>UAS-dTRPA1] compared to 0.79 ± 0.06 sec [w¹¹¹⁸] and 0.74 ± 0.05 sec [iav-GAL80>UAS-dTRPA1]; p<0.001. Note that larvae normally crawl faster at 32°C than at 22°C). For all conditions in each figure, n = 20 in (C) and n = 10 in (D). (E) A dissected larva expressing ChR2-T159C in GDL-GAL4 and mhc::GFP in muscles (GDL-GAL4>mhc::GFP, UAS-ChR2-T159C). When blue light was applied during peristalsis, contracted muscles became relaxed (n = 12). (F) (F1) Localized photostimulation was applied to an anterior portion of the VNC (around A3-A5, yellow arrow) during peristalsis. Arrowhead denotes the contracting segments at this moment. (F2) Muscular movement was examined by using the scattered light changes. The light intensity change in muscles in A3-A5 is plotted. In this example, the peristaltic wave halted at A3 (dashed circle with arrowheads). Statistical significance was determined by Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons (***p<0.001). Scale bar represents 15 mm in (C), 9 mm in (A), 250 μm in (F) and 200 μm in (B). (See also Figure 7—figure supplement 1.)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13253.021