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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 24.
Published in final edited form as: Health Psychol. 2013 Jun 24;33(5):424–432. doi: 10.1037/a0032804

Table 1.

Results of Multilevel Models Examining Associations Between Parental Involvement and Change in Adolescents’ Adherence

Teen report
(Model 1): Maternal
involvement
coefficient and SE 		Teen report
(Model 2): Paternal
involvement
coefficient and SE 		Mother report
model: Maternal
involvement
coefficient and SE 		Father report
model: Paternal
involvement
coefficient and SE
Fixed effects
  Intercept 2.86 0.24*** 3.02 0.26*** 2.28 0.21*** 2.75 0.28***
  Gender (1 = Male) 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.06
  Time since diagnosis (centered at 1 yr) 0.00 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.02 0.01
  Pump status (1 = Yes) −0.10 0.05** −0.10 0.05* −0.07 0.04 −0.15 0.06***
  Ethnicity (1 = Caucasian) −0.01 0.11 0.04 0.13 0.06 0.10 −0.10 0.14
  Hollingshead index (mean-centered) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
  Single-parent household (1 = yes) 0.09 0.07 0.23 0.10** 0.03 0.07 −0.10 0.44
  Age (centered at 13 years) −0.03 0.02** −0.05 0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
  Adherence at Time 1 0.32 0.04*** 0.25 0.04*** 0.37 0.04*** 0.33 0.05***
Indicators of parental involvement
  At Time 1a
    Behavioral involvement −0.07 0.03** −0.02 0.03 -----------------NOT MEASURED---------------
    Diabetes monitoring 0.12 0.04*** 0.12 0.04*** 0.20 0.04*** 0.09 0.05**
    Relationship quality 0.11 0.04** 0.15 0.04*** 0.19 0.06*** 0.17 0.07**
  Deviation (change) from Time 1
    Behavioral involvement −0.01 0.02 −0.02 0.02 -----------------NOT MEASURED---------------
    Diabetes monitoring 0.15 0.03*** 0.10 0.03*** 0.25 0.04*** 0.15 0.04***
    Relationship quality 0.17 0.03*** 0.13 0.03*** 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.03**
Variance components
  σ02 (intercept) 0.88 0.34*** 0.89 0.41** 0.89 0.33*** 1.15 0.37***
  σ01 −0.24 0.09*** −0.21 0.11** −0.25 0.09*** −0.35 0.11***
  σ12 (adherence at Time 1) 0.07 0.02*** 0.06 0.03** 0.07 0.03*** 0.11 0.03***
  R 0.18 0.01*** 0.14 0.01*** 0.12 0.01*** 0.12 0.02***
R2yŷ 0.35 0.36 0.26 0.28

Note. Models predicting residualized change in adherence (i.e., predicting current adherence while controlling for adherence at the previous time point).

a

Time 1 parental involvement variables were grand-mean centered (i.e., centered at the sample mean).

*

p < .06.

**

p < .05.

***

p < .01.