Table 2. Significant trajectory, descriptive, diagnostic, and cross-sectional parental expressed emotion domain statistics for parent-rated H/I LCGA groups in the full sample.
| ADHD H/I1 Low n=96 | ADHD H/I2 Moderate n=101 | ADHD H/I3 Remitting n=123 | ADHD H/I4 Persistent n=68 | P | ES | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trajectory Information | |||||||||
| Intercept (estimate, SE) | 1.0, 0.3+ | 3.3, 0.7+ | 5.7, 0.2+ | 8.0, 0.2+ | -- | -- | |||
| Slope (estimate, SE) | -0.2, 0.1+ | -0.6, -.2+ | -0.5, 0.1+ | -0.1, 0.1 | -- | -- | |||
| Posterior probability | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |||||
| Demographic Data (at Time 1) | |||||||||
| % Prescription Stimulant | 26.0% | 28.7% | 51.2% | 72.1% | <.001 | 0.35 | |||
| ADHD Subtype/Presentation (at Time 1) | < .001 | 0.60 | |||||||
| Inattentive | 69.8% | 27.7% | 4.9% | 1.5% | |||||
| Combined | 30.2% | 72.3% | 95.1% | 98.5% | |||||
| Parent Rated ADHD and ODD Symptoms1- (mean, SD) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 0.9 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.6) | 5.8 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.3) | <.001 | 0.75 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 4.7 (2.8) | 5.6 (2.6) | 6.1 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.0) | <.001 | 0.12 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.8 (2.0) | 2.8 (2.4) | <.001 | 0.16 | |||
| Time 2 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 0.7 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.5) | 5.2 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.5) | <.001 | 0.76 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 3.6 (2.9) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.8 (2.8) | 6.9 (2.5) | <.001 | 0.15 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.7 (1.5) | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.9) | 2.2 (2.3) | <.001 | 0.10 | |||
| Time 3 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 0.5 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.8) | 7.5 (1.8) | <.001 | 0.71 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 3.1 (3.0) | 4.4 (2.9) | 5.9 (2.8) | 7.1 (2.4) | <.001 | 0.19 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.8) | 2.0 (2.2) | <.001 | 0.10 | |||
| Teacher Rated Symptoms (mean, SD) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 2.4 (2.8) | 3.2 (2.8) | 3.9 (2.9) | 4.1 (2.9) | <.001 | 0.06 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 4.9 (2.8) | 5.2 (3.0) | 4.2 (3.1) | 4.7 (3.2) | .075 | 0.02 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.7 (1.7) | 1.0 (1.7) | 1.7 (2.5) | 1.8 (2.4) | .001 | 0.05 | |||
| Time 2 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 1.6 (2.3) | 3.1 (3.1) | 3.5 (3.0) | 3.8 (2.9) | .002 | 0.07 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 3.5 (3.1) | 4.2 (3.1) | 4.2 (2.9) | 4.5 (2.9) | .459 | 0.01 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.6) | 1.6 (2.4) | 1.2 (2.1) | .009 | 0.06 | |||
| Time 3 | |||||||||
| Hyperactive Symptoms | 1.6 (2.6) | 2.3 (2.5) | 3.2 (2.7) | 3.7 (3.3) | .002 | 0.10 | |||
| Inattentive Symptoms | 3.2 (3.3) | 3.6 (3.4) | 4.1 (2.9) | 3.6 (3.4) | .501 | 0.02 | |||
| ODD Symptoms | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.7 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.2) | .023 | 0.07 | |||
| Comorbid Disorders (%; via diagnostic team) at Time 1 | |||||||||
| ODD or CD | 5.2% | 9.9% | 26.0% | 41.2% | <.001 | 0.33 | |||
| Parental Expressed Emotion for Participants with Data at Two Time-Points (n=208) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | n=49 | n=53 | n=72 | n=34 | |||||
| 2Crit High | 36.7%a | 27.8% a | 40.8% a,b | 66.7% b | .004 | 0.25 | |||
| 3EOI High | 9.1% | 11.1% | 14.1% | 20.4% | .439 | 0.11 | |||
| Time 2 | |||||||||
| Crit High | 15.6% | 18.8% | 19.5% | 25.0% | .519 | 0.08 | |||
| EOI High | 5.2% | 7.9% | 6.5% | 10.3% | .635 | 0.07 | |||
Notes to table. ES is partial eta squared, except for % stimulant medication, ADHD presentation, comorbid diagnosis, and EE variables are all Phi. All data from Time 1 unless otherwise indicated.
Differing superscripts indicate significance for intercepts and slopes of the relevant groups. P-values are for significant pairwise comparisons in ANOVA for continuous and Chi-square for categorical variables with EE follow-up comparisons significance represented by differing superscripts at p<.05.
Parent-rated hyperactive and inattentive symptoms and all teacher-rated symptoms from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale, parent-rated Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms from KSADS;
Crit: Parental criticism rating from expressed emotion coding of the Five Minute Speech Sample;
EOI: Parental emotional over-involvement from expressed emotion coding of the Five Minute Speech Sample