Table 1.
Blood half-lives (t1/2) of the different types of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) after their injection into animal models or human. The iron dosages are reported here based on mg Fe/kg body weight unit for easier comparison.
| CS/HS | Coating molecule | Name | Charge (mV) | Model | Dose (mg Fe/kg) | t1/2 | Applications/Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-7/72 | Dextran | SPIO (AMI25) | NA | Rats | 0.224 | 6m | General MRI applications | 22 |
| 4-6/150 | 1.12 | 16m | 23 | |||||
| 4-6/20 | USPIO (AMI 227) | NA | 1.12 | 2h | 23 | |||
| 4-7/17 | MION-46 | NA | 0.224 | 81m | MRI/Made by size fractionation of AMI-25 | 22, 33 | ||
| 4-6/NA | USPIO | NA | 15 | 2h | MRI of spinal cord | 34 | ||
| NA/35 | Ferumoxtran-10 (Sinerem) | NA | Rabbits | 56 | Several days | MRI of Atherosclerotic Plaque | 35, 36 | |
| 5/30 | NA | Human | 2.6 | 21-30h | MRI of lymph nodes | 37 | ||
| 5/30 | BMS 180549/USPIO | NA | Rats | 0.14-1.68 | 3.7h | General MRI evaluation | 38 | |
| NA | Human | 1.7 | >24h | General MRI evaluation | 32 | |||
| 5/30 | USPIO Sinerem | NA | Rats | 11.2 | 4h30m | Tumor MRI | 26 | |
| 4-6/227 | Ferumoxides (Feridex) or Endorem | NA | Human | 0.56-0.84 | 2h | Liver MRI | 39 | |
| NA/121 | Feridex | NA | Rabbits | 4.8 | 0.46h | MR Imaging of Atherosclerosis | 40 | |
| NA/15 | Fractionated Feridex | 15.9h | ||||||
| NA/50-80 | Dextran (20kDa) | Aminodextran SPIO-Micromod | –4.95 to –0.77 | Mice | 4 | 5-60m | Protein adsorption analysis | 41 |
| 12/50 | Dextran (40kDa) | NA | 0 | Rats | 5 | 50m | MRI of myocardial infarction and brain tumor | 42, 43 |
| 3-5/60-80 | Carboxy dextran | SHU 555 C (Resovist) | Anionic | Rats | 5.6 | 56±17m | Imaging of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 44 |
| Rats | 2.8 | 35m | General MRI applications | 45 | ||||
| Human | NR | 6h | ||||||
| NA/25 | SPIO | −20 | Rats | 11.2 | 90m | MR Lymphography | 46 | |
| USPIO | NA | Rabbits | 6h | MRI of atherosclerotic plaques | 47 | |||
| 7/30 | Ferumoxytol (AMI7228) | Anionic | Human | <4 | 10-14h | MR angiography | 45, 48 | |
| Rats | 2.24 | 67m | 45 | |||||
| 20/42 | Dextran+antibody | Ocean Nanotech | NA | Mice | NR | 7.5h | Brain tumor targeting and MRI (0.2mL, concentration NR) | 49 |
| 30/30×70 | Dextran-PEG | Nanoworms | NA | Mice | 3 | 16-19h | Tumor targeting | 50 |
| NA/30 | Dextran-PEG+targeting molecule | NA | NA | 17.9-19.6h | ||||
| NA | Nanoworms | NA | Mice | 3.3(a) | 12h(b) | Atherosclerotic plaques/one dimensional clusters with 80-110nm length and 30nm width | 51 | |
| NA/250 | Cross-linked dextran (20kDa) | Nanoworms | NA | Mice | ~5(a) | 10h | MRI, protein adsorption and blood half-life analysis | 52 |
| 5-7/20 | Starch | FeO-BPA | NA | Pigs | 4 | 150m | Abdominal MR Angiography | 53 |
| Rodents | 1-3 | 45-100m | ||||||
| NA/60-90 | NA | −12.3 to 3.9 | Rats | 11.2 | 13m | MR Lymphography | 46 | |
| 5-7/20 | PEG+ starch | NC100150 (Clariscan) | Anionic | Rabbits | 0.25-1 | 45-120m | MRI of renal perfusion | 54 |
| 5-7/25 | Human | 3-4 | 3-4h | MR angiography | 55 | |||
| <10/142 | PEG (5kDa)-starch(c) | NA | +24.4 | Rats | 12 | 7.29h | Tumor targeting-By increasing the PEG MW to 20kDa, HS and half-life increased to 168nm 11.75h | 16 |
| 7/30 | Chitosan-PEG-chlorotoxin-cy5.5 | NA | 0 | Mice | 6.7(a) | 7-8h | Cancer targeting and imaging/NIR fluorescence Scanner for half blood life/ | 56 |
| 5/10 | PEG+ lipid | NA | NA | Rats | 6 | 45m | Kidney targeting /imaging (Υ-Fe2O3 core crystals) | 57 |
| 10-15/35 | LSPIO | NA | Mice | 3.9 | 1.02h(b) | MRI detection of atherosclerotic lesions / The Half-lives in wild type mice reduced to 1.01 (no targeting) and 1.12 (with targeting) for LSPIO and reduced to 1.41 (no targeting) and 1.55 (with targeting) for LUSPIO | 58 | |
| NA/10 | LUSPIO | NA | 1.52h(b) | |||||
| 10-15/36 | PEG+ lipid+ antibody | LSPIO | NA | 7.28-7.42h(b) | ||||
| NA/12-16 | LUSPIO | NA | 9-9.3h(b) | |||||
| 4/8.6 | Citrate coating | VSOP-C184 | NA | Rats | 2.52 | 21±5m | MRI Pre-clinical characterizations | 59 |
| Pigs | 36±4m | |||||||
| 4/7 | NA | Human | 0.84-4.2 | 0.5-1.5h | General MRI applications | 31 | ||
| NA/12 | VSOP-C43 | NA | Rats | 1.68 | 8.4 ±0.9m | Effect of age on half-life/ half-life increased to 15.9±2.4 in old rats | 60 | |
| 19.6/117.3 | PEG+polyaniline+BC NU drug | NA | NA | Mice | 15 | 62h(d) | Brain tumor imaging and drug delivery | 30 |
| 8/24 | DMSA | NA | Anionic | Mice | 22.4 | Several hours | Tumor MRI and targeting (Maghemite core crystals) | 61 |
| 12/42 | DMSA | NA | −35 | Rats | 5 | 10m | General MRI application/highly monodisperse cores | 62 |
| 12/49 | DMSA-PEG(2kDa) | −15 | 20m | |||||
| 17/86 | PMAO-PEG(5kDa) | NA | Neutral | Mice | 7 | 4m | Designed for magnetic particle imaging (MPI)/highly monodisperse cores | 63, 64 |
| 20/42 | 19m | |||||||
| 27/78 | PMAO-PEG(20kDa) | 160m | ||||||
| 19.7/98 | PEG | NA | −3 to −7 | Mice | 7 | 12-14m | 65 | |
| 19.7/43 | 12-14m | |||||||
| 10/63 | Polyacrilamide+PEG (0, 0.6, 2, 10kDa) | NA | NA | Rats | 7 | 28, 25, 38 and 150m | Brain tumor MRI/Larger PEG MWs increase the half-life time. | 66 |
| 4-8/21 | phosphonate | P904 | NA | Rabbits | 56 | 3.5h | MRI of atherosclerotic plaques | 35, 36 |
| 70/NA | Silica+PEG | NA | NA | Rats | 5.7 | 2.5h | General MRI | 29 |
| NA/1.6μm | P(S/V-COOH) polymer | MPIO-Bangs | NA | Mice | 0.0145 | 1m | MRI of myocardial infarction | 67, 68 |
Abbreviations: [Core size and hydrodynamic size (CS/HS)]-[Blood half-life (t1/2)]-[Not available (NA)]-[monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)]-[Lipid-coated ultra-small superparamagnetic iron particles (LUSPIOs)]-[larger lipid-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (LSPIOs)]-[meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)]-[1,3-bis(2-chloro-ethyl)-1-nitroso-urea (BCNU)]-[poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO)]
(a)
Assuming that each mouse weighed 30g.
(b)
IONPs injected through retro-orbital route.
(c)
cross-linked starch
(d)
Half-life reported for the BCNU drug loaded to the IONPs.