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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 Sep;1349(1):64–82. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12882

Table 1.

Summary of effects of nicotine on resting-state functional connectivity

Chronic nicotine
Ref # Authors Method Circuit Results
69 Hong et al., (2009) Seed Based Insula-ventral straitum Decreased connectivity correlated with increased FTND
70 Sutherland et al., (2013) Seed Based Insula-vmPFC Decreased connectivity correlated with increased alexithymia
72 Moran et al., (2013) Seed Based dACC-ventral striatum, parahippocampus, amygdala, posterior insula Decreased connectivity in smokers
74 Moran et al., (2012) Seed Based dACC-putamen, insula Decreased connectivity correlated with increased addiction severity (FTND)
80 Weiland et al., (2014) ICA DMN, left ECN Decreased connectivity within each network correlated with duration and frequency of smoking
81 Lin et al., (2014) Graph Theory PCC, mSFG
Occipital cortex		 Decreased global efficiency correlated with lifetime cigarette use
Increased local efficiency correlated with lifetime cigarette use
82 Janes et al., (2012) ICA Fronto-parietal (ECN)-mfPFC (DMN) Increased connectivity in female smokers correlated with smoking cue reactivity
83 Janes et al., (2015) Seed Based Insula-dACC Increased connectivity correlated with smoking cue reactivity
86 Wu et al., (2015) ReHo DMN, fronto-parital, inhibitory control networks
SMA, putamen, paracentral lobule		 Decreased in smokers
Increased in smokers
90 Tang et al., (2012) ReHo Right inferior frontal cortex
Superior parietal gyrus		 Decreased in smokers
Increased in smokers
91 Yu et al., (2013) ReHo Right lPFC, left mPFC
PCC, posterior insula		 Decreased in smokers
Increased in smokers
93 Wetherill et al., (2014) ASL Hippocampus/amygdala-rACC, anterior insula Increased connectivity in female smokers
Acute nicotine
Ref # Authors Method Circuit Results
69 Hong et al., (2009) Seed based dACC–superior parietal lobule, sACC–medial frontal gyrus Enhanced connectivity
101 Tanabe et al., (2011) ICA DMN Decreased activation within network
102 Wylie et al., (2012) Graph theory Enhanced local network efficiency
103 Viswanth et al., (2015) Seed based Rostral left–right hemisphere Enhanced connectivity
105 Giessing et al., (2013) Graph theory MFG Enhanced efficiency of information transfer correlated with frequency of cigarette smoking
115 Sutherland et al., (2013) Seed based Insula–PCC Reduced connectivity
117 Ding et al., (2013) ICA Superior frontal gyrus (SN), precuneus (DMN) Enhanced connectivity
Nicotine withdrawal
Ref # Authors Method Circuit Results
108 Janes et al., (2014) ICA mOFC–dmPFC, striatum, visual cortex Increased connectivity w/ 1 h of abstinence correlated with subjective nicotine craving
109 Breckel et al., (2013) Graph theory No effects w/ 2 h of abstinence
112 Moran-Santa Maria et al., (2015) PPI Insula–precuneus Increased connectivity during cue exposure w/ 2 h of abstinence correlated with subjective nicotine craving
113 Claus et al., (2013) PPI Insula–striatum, thalamus, cuneus, ACC Increased connectivity during cue exposure w/ 3 h of abstinence correlated with FTND
114 Wang et al., (2014) GBC insula, superior frontal gyrus Increased connectivity with rest of brain w/ 12 h of abstinence
115 Sutherland et al., (2013) Seed based Insula–PCC Enhanced connectivity w/ 12 h of abstinence
116 Lerman et al., (2014) ICA SN–DMN,ECN Reduced inhibition of DMN by SN w/ 24 h of abstinence correlated with subjective urge to smoke and working memory task performance (n-back)
117 Ding et al., (2013) ICA SN, DMN Enahnced connectivity within networks w/ 12 h of abstinence