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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Oct 16;37(1):23–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01888.x

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Simplified model to illustrate how alcohol could act as both a cumulative carcinogen and a tumor promoter, depending upon when the drinking occurs. The possible mechanisms discussed in the text are shows above each phase.