Fig. 1.
Preclinical performance of AuroLase® AuNPs currently undergoing clinical trials. a Membrane-viability-stained (calcein AM) breast cancer cells following laser exposure i without nanoshells and ii with nanoshells. The arrow in (ii) represents the area of dead cells that were exposed to both nanoshells and the laser. b Temperature change following NIR-irradiation of nanoshells in vivo: i as a function of time (nanoshells group: red circles, control group with no nanoshells: blue circles) and ii as a function of tissue depth (inset, heat map). c Antitumor effect of NIR-stimulated nanoshells treatment: i gross tumor images showing hemorrhaging, ii nanoshell localization (red outline) following silver staining, iii tissue damage as shown by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and iv magnetic resonance temperature imaging suggesting areas of irreversible thermal damage. d Prostate tumor regressions following a single treatment of an intravenous: i saline injection with laser treatment or ii nanoshell injection with laser treatment. a–c Adapted from (29), copyright (2003) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. d Adapted from (31), copyright (2008), with permission from Elsevier