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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2015 Apr 16;17(5):681–689. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.006

Figure 4. In vitro and in vivo exposure to diet-induced microbial metabolites alters host circadian gene expression.

Figure 4

Expression of per2 (A) and bmal1 (B) relative to GAPDH following addition of 5mM sodium acetate, 5mM sodium butyrate, or 1mM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) in hepanoids after serum-shock. Data is represented as mean ± s.e.m (n=3 replicates/treatment/time point). ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; and *p<0.05 determined via unpaired t-test compared to no trt within time point. See also Table S5. Ratio of per2:bmal1 mRNA (C) in MBH and liver of GF mice treated with saline or butyrate (But) at ZT2 or ZT14 for 5 days. Treatments are saline(ZT2)-saline(ZT14), saline(ZT2)-But(ZT14), But(ZT2)-saline(ZT14). Data represent mean ± s.e.m (n=4/treatment). *p<0.05; NS, not significant determined via unpaired t-test. Proposed experimental model (D) diet-induced change in gut microbe metabolic oscillatory patterns alters the balance between food consumption, the central CC, and hepatic regulatory networks of metabolism promoting DIO.