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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2014 Oct 30;24(0 0):3–16. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.004

Figure 3. Release and activity of DAMPs in response to injury, death, and stress.

Figure 3

DAMPs can be derived from any compartment of the cell, including the nucleus and the cytoplasm (e.g., mitochondria), although they vary greatly depending on the types and severity of the injury. They can act as inducers, sensors, and mediators of stress through plasma membrane receptors, intracellular recognition receptors (e.g., AGER and TLRs/NLRs/RLRs/ALRs), or endocytic uptake. CIRP: cold-inducible RNA-binding protein. TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A.