Table 3.
Univariate statistical analysesa of changes in heart rate, PEP, and RMSSD (baseline, task-1, task-2, recovery) and cortisol (baseline, post-task, +15 min, +30 min, +45 min recovery).b
| Heart rate | PEP | RMSSD | Cortisol | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control vs. 1-Audience | F(3,111) = 3.75, p < .05, η2 = .092 | F(3,111) = 10.64, p < .001, η2 = .223 | F(3,111) = 6.30, p < .01, η2 = .146 | F(4,140) = 2.25, p = .107, η2 = .060 |
| Control vs. 4-Audience | F(3,111) = 10.15, p < .001, η2= .215 | F(3,111) = 20.70, p < .001, η2 = .359 | F(3,111) = 9.45, p < .001, η2 = .203 | F(4,136) = 8.32, p < .01, η2 = .197 |
| 1-Audience vs. 4-Audience | F(3,114) = 3.58, p < .05, η2 = .086 | F(3,114) = 4.22, p < .01, η2 = .100 | F(3,114) = 1.06, p = .369, η2 = .027 | F(4,148) = 4.27, p < .05, η2 = .104 |
a
Repeated measures ANOVA
b
Significant time by condition interactions are highlighted in bold. Results remained essentially unaltered after adjustment for gender and BMI.
PEP= pre-ejection period; RMSSD= root mean square of successive differences