| Factors and mechanisms regulating MDSCs | |
|---|---|
| Process mechanism | Examples of mediators |
| MDSC proliferation in the BM and EMH12, 20–23, 48, 91, 95 | G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF |
| MDSCs have an impaired differentiation45, 69, 78–80 | TNF, VEGFA |
| Mobilization of MDSCs can occur from the marrow and sites of EMH23, 175, 182 | CXCL8, G-CSF, GM-CSF |
| Chemotaxis of MDSCs to an inflammatory or tumor site80, 87, 192 | CCL2, CXCL12 |
| Organ or tumor arrest of circulating MDSCs12, 126, 129 | VLA4, C5a |
| Activation of MDSCs resulting in increased enzyme secretion and T-cell suppression183, 184 | PGE2, LTD4, TLR agonists |
| MDSCs can differentiate into OCs, monocytes, granulocytes, OCs, ECs or DCs68, 103, 111 | ATRA, Vitamin D |
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