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Macrophage differentiation pathways. Activation through different signaling pathways results mainly in two types of macrophages, the classically activated (M1) and the alternatively activated (M2), which can reversibly undergo functional redifferentiation upon environmental changes. Functionally, M1 macrophages show increased cytotoxic and antiviral activity, while M2 macrophages help tissue homeostasis to be restored by inducing wound healing, angiogenesis, and fibrosis
