Table 3.
Demographic and Injury Characteristics of Participants
| Variable | All randomized subjects n=100 | Randomized to CBT n=58 | Randomized to usual care n=42 | pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomization choice | ||||
| CBT-IP vs. UC | 4 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (7%) | – |
| CBT-T vs. UC | 47 (47%) | 24 (41%) | 23 (55%) | |
| CBT-IP vs. CBT-T vs. UC | 49 (49%) | 33 (57%) | 16 (38%) | |
| Geographical region | ||||
| Western Washington | 69 (69%) | 44 (76%) | 25 (60%) | 0.224 |
| Eastern Washington | 11 (11%) | 5 (9%) | 6 (14%) | |
| Outside Washington | 20 (20%) | 9 (16%) | 11 (26%) | |
| Age - years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 45.8 (13.3) | 45.4 (14.1) | 46.3 (12.4) | 0.512 |
| Range | (19.9, 87.3) | (21.4, 87.3) | (19.9, 75.9) | |
| Sex – n (%) | ||||
| Female | 37 (37%) | 24 (41%) | 13 (31%) | 0.304 |
| Male | 63 (63%) | 34 (59%) | 29 (69%) | |
| Race – n (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 90 (90%) | 52 (90%) | 38 (90%) | 1.000 |
| Other | 10 (10%) | 6 (10%) | 4 (10%) | |
| Education – n (%) | ||||
| GED or less | 12 (12%) | 7 (12%) | 5 (12%) | 0.147 |
| High school diploma | 10 (10%) | 8 (14%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Tech/Voc./Some college | 52 (52%) | 31 (53%) | 21 (50%) | |
| College degree | 26 (26%) | 12 (21%) | 14 (33%) | |
| Marital status – n (%) | ||||
| Single/Never married | 30 (30%) | 18 (31%) | 12 (29%) | 0.774 |
| Married/Partnered | 24 (24%) | 11 (19%) | 13 (31%) | |
| Divorced | 39 (39%) | 24 (41%) | 15 (36%) | |
| Separated | 5 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Widowed | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Years since injury – mean (SD) | 3.33 (2.72) | 3.41 (2.84) | 3.21 (2.58) | 0.961 |
| Cause of injury – n (%) | ||||
| Motor vehicle | 28 (28%) | 18 (31%) | 10 (24%) | 0.929 |
| Motorcycle | 7 (7%) | 4 (7%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Bicycle | 5 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (5%) | |
| All-terrain vehicle | 3 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Pedestrian | 8 (8%) | 4 (7%) | 4 (10%) | |
| Fall | 34 (34%) | 18 (31%) | 16 (38%) | |
| Hit by falling objects | 6 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Recreational/Sports | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Assault/Blunt | 8 (8%) | 6 (10%) | 2 (5%) | |
| TBI severity | ||||
| Complicated mild/moderate | 69 (69%) | 40 (69%) | 29 (69%) | 1.000 |
| Severe | 31 (31%) | 18 (31%) | 13 (31%) | |
| Injury Severity Score (ISS) - highest non-head severity (0–5) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.80 (1.41) | 1.91 (1.38) | 1.64 (1.45) | 0.344 |
| 0 | 26 (26%) | 12 (21%) | 14 (33%) | 0.344 |
| 1 | 20 (20%) | 13 (22%) | 7 (17%) | |
| ≥2 | 54 (54%) | 33 (57%) | 21 (50%) | |
| Blood alcohol level at time of injury – mg/dL | ||||
| 0 | 46 (56%) | 29 (55%) | 17 (59%) | 0.295 |
| 1–79 | 9 (11%) | 8 (15%) | 1 (3%) | |
| ≥80 | 27 (33%) | 16 (30%) | 11 (38%) | |
| Unknown | 18 | 5 | 13 | |
| Current/planned litigation related to injury - n (%) | 20 (20%) | 15 (26%) | 5 (12%) | 0.127 |
| Unknown | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Chronic medical conditionsb | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.21 (1.79) | 2.05 (1.73) | 2.43 (1.88) | 0.265 |
| 0 | 19 (19%) | 9 (16%) | 10 (24%) | 0.010 |
| 1 | 22 (22%) | 19 (33%) | 3 (7%) | |
| ≥2 | 59 (59%) | 30 (52%) | 29 (69%) | |
a
Significance by Fisher exact or Mann–Whitney U Test
b
Medical conditions reported by >10% of participants were: chronic pain (53%), hearing/vision loss (41%), hypertension (36%), epilepsy/stroke (19%), arthritis/rheumatism (18%), asthma/emphysema (13%), urinary problems (11%).
CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT-IP, in-person CBT; CBT-T, telephone CBT; TBI; traumatic brain injury; UC, usual care.